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Skeletal System and Joints (Components of a typical long bone (Diaphysis:…
Skeletal System and Joints
Components of a typical long bone
Diaphysis: Shaft of a long bone
Epiphysis: Rounded end part of a long bone
Articular cartilage (hyaline): Lines the long bones at the ends, where joints are located
Spongy bone: A porous, vascular type of bone found near the epiphysis of bones, covered by compact bone. Contains red bone marrow.
Periosteum: A two layer covering that envelopes bones, except at joint surfaces. The outer layer is D.I.C.T. and is an attachment place for tendons and ligaments. The inner layer is an osteogenic cell layer that generates bone.
Compact bone: Forms the hard outer shell of long bones.
Medullary cavity: Central cavity of a long bone where bone marrow is stored. Covers trabeculae.
Endosteum: A thin vascular connective tissue membrane that lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of long bones, osteogenic.
Perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers): A matrix of connective tissue, mostly collagen fibers,that connect the periosteum to bone.
Nutrient arteries: Most apparent blood vessels of the bone. Brings blood and nutrients to bones.
Red bone marrow: soft, gelatinous, produces red blood cells.
Yellow bone marrow: adipose, energy storage, found in medullary cavity.
Epiphyseal line: Marks the point of union between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
Types of bone cells
Osteogenic: Stem cells of bone, differentiate and develop into osteoblasts. Located in periosteum and endosteum.
Osteoblast: Create bone extracellular matrix. Located in periosteum and endosteum in growing and remodeling bone,
Osteocyte: Maintain healthy bone tissue. Located in bone matrix.
Osteoclast: Origin is a type of leukocyte, 5-20 cells fuse together to form one large osteoclast, they have microvilli and are responsible for breaking down bone by secreting enzymes through microvilli. Located in bone matrix.
Classification, structure and function of fibrous and cartilaginous joints
Fibrous joints
Sutures: Very short interconnecting fibers, only located in the skull, they are fixed. Fontanelles are sutures that haven't grown together/ completely formed.
Syndesmosis: Short connecting fibers, found in distal tibiofibular joint, little movement.
Gomphosis: Short connecting fibers of peridontal ligaments, where teeth and mandible/maxilla meet, no movement.
Cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis: Hyaline cartilage, located in epiphyseal plates, between first rib and manubrium, no movement.
Symphysis: Hyaline and fibrocartilage, found in intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis, little movement.
Structural components of a typical synovial joint
Joint cavity: Filled with synovial fluid, site at which articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other.
Synovial membrane: Lines surface of articular capsule. secretes synovial fluid.
Hyaline cartilage: Lines the end of long bones being connected by joint.
Joint capsule: An envelope surrounding a synovial joint, has two parts.
D.I.C.T.: Entirely surrounds articulation, attached to the circumference of the articular end of each bone. Outer layer.
Areolar C.T.: Synovial membrane, produces synovial fluid, inner membrane.
Bursa: Synovial membrane in a sac, filled with synovial fluid. Reduces friction. Found between bone and either skin, tendons, muscles or ligaments.
Menisci of knees: Fibrocartilage, absorb shock, help fit bones in joint
TMJ: Piece of hyaline cartilage that divides joint, produces more than one movement.
Tendon sheath: Bursa, a layer of synovial membrane around a tendon. Allows a tendon to stretch. Found in places with many tendons, wrists, ankles, fingers.