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The psychological approach (Psychosexual stages (oral (0-2 years (The…
The psychological approach
Key terms
Defence mechanisms - unconscious strategies that protect out conscious mind form anxiety. Defence mechanisms involve a distortion of reality in some way, so that we are better able to cope with a situation
Psychoanalysis - a term used to describe the personality theory and therapy associated with Sigmund Freud
Psychodynamic - refers to any theory that emphasises change and development in the individual, particularly those theories where 'drive' is a central concept in development. The best known psychodynamic theory is Freudian psychoanalysis
Unconscious - that part the human mind that contains repressed ideas and memories, as well as primitive desires and impulses that have never been allowed to enter the conscious mind.
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis
the structure of personality
the id
the ego
the superego
the role of the unconscious
part of the mind that was inaccessible to conscious thought
The mind prevents traumatic memories and put it into the unconscious mind
defence mechanisms
repression
denial
displacement
Psychosexual stages
oral
0-2 years
The mouth is the focal point of sensation and is the way in which the child expresses early sexual energy.
Phallic
3-6 years
sexual energy is now focused on the genitals. The major conflict of this stage is the Oedpius complex in which the male child unconsciously wishes to possess their mother and get rid of their father. As a result of this desire, boys experience castration anxiety (punishment from the father), and in an attempt to resolve this problem, the child identifies with their father.
Latent
6-12 years
the child develops their mastery of the world around them. during this stage, the conflicts and issues of the previous stages are repressed with the consequence that children are unable to remember much of their early year.
anal
2-3 years
the beginnings of ego development, as the child becomes aware of the demands of reality and the need to conform to the demands of others. The major issue at this stage is toilet training as the child learns to control the expulsion of bodily waste
Genital
12+
The culmination of psychosexual development and the fixing of sexual energy in the genitals. This eventually direct us towards sexual intercourse and the beginnings of adult life.
Evaluation
Psychoanalysis: a pioneering approach
Scientific support for the psychoanalytic approach
Psychoanalysis is a gender-biased approach
Psychoanalysis is a culture-biased approach
Psychoanalysis: a comprehensive theory