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Respiratory System (Disorders (Aging Effects (In expiration process you…

- - - - squamous cell carcinoma
      - adenocarcinoma
      - small cell carcinoma
  - - - You have air remaining in lungs, its going to increase the residual volume which means that's a place for infections to occur that can lead to chronic bronchitis or pneumonia
  - - - because anytime air can't get in or get air out, air is going to sit in lungs for a long time and is a good environment for bacteria/ virus to multiply and create infections
    - - term meaning your tissue is not getting enough oxygen. Reason for that is because of the narrow tubes the airway, air can't get in and will eventually the respiratory system will fail
  - - - emphysema affects alveoli and what happens is that a healthy alveoli are pockets of circles individual alveolar sacs but what happens with emphysema is those sacs are broken up and becomes one large structure
    - - exhalation is that the lung is elastic so when it stretches out it goes back to its normal size, in emphysema it can't do that
  - - - mucus is pulled from the lungs or airways and then you're not going to have gas exchange in alveoli
- - - - moistens air
      - traps incoming foreign particles
    - - increases surface area
      - increases air turbulence with in the nasal cavity
  - - - lighten skull
      - 4 bones contain paranasal sinuses
        
        frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid maxillary bone
      - reasonance chambers for speech and creates an echoing chamber for creating voice and sound
      - produce mucus
  - - - nasopharynx
        
        superior region behind nasal cavity (passage of air only)
      - oropharynx
        
        middle region behind mouth
      - laryngopharynx
        
        inferior region attached to larynx
  - - - beat continuously in opposite direction of incoming air
      - mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
  - - - left side has presence of heart which take up space so the lung is further away from mid-line. means the tube that leads into the lung has to be longer to be able to reach it.
    - - terminal/bronchioles= tiny tiny air tubes
  - - - 2 on left
        
        superior and inferior lobe
        
        oblique fissure
      - 3 on right
        
        superior, middle, and inferior lobe
        
        oblique fissure and horizontal fissure
- - - - location: inferior to epiglottis and superior to the trachea, right in the middle of throat
    - - location: on either side of the chest
    - - function: left and right bronchi are for air exchange gas. bronchioles controls the exchange of gases with alveloi
        
        location: inside lungs
    - - location: inferior to larynx and crosses the sternum
  - - - air enters nose through external nares (nostrils). nasal cavity (inferior of nose) divided by nasal septum
    - - interior of the nose, or the structure which opens exteriorly at the nostrils
    - - cavities within bones (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary bone)
    - - superior to the larynx inferior to nasal concride
- - - - total amount of air that can be taken in by the lungs
    - - sum of all the volumes
        
        inspirational reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume
    - - during normal breathing the functional residual capacity is the amount of air that remains in the lungs
  - - - can range from 12-20, as you get older it decreases
    - - amount of air you can force out force in after initial intake of air
    - - extra air coming out lungs
    - - max air you can take and breathe out
  - - - can change the rate or depth of respiration
- - - - inspiration- flow of air into lungs
      - expiration- air leaving lung
    - - stay constant at 750 millimeters per mercury
      - only pressure we can control is the pressure within lungs. When pressure is lower in lungs than ATP then air is flowing in. When pressure in lungs is higher than 760 mm Hg then it flows out
  - - - pressure inside lungs is less than the ATP
        
        diaphragm (important muscle of inspiration) moves down(diaphragm contracts)
        
        moves ribs up and sternum forward (ribs flare out)
        
        :arrow_up: size of thoracic cavity and :arrow_down: pressure can only change pressure of thoracic cavity
        
        the three areas that you can control the size/volume of thoracic cav. is that the rib cage when the intercostal muscles contract will make it move out( swing out) and the rib cage will move up they flare out. Sternum moves forward. AT the same time, the diaphragm contracts and moves down thats increasing the floor and so entire space inside thoracic cav. is increase. That increases the volume that therefore then decreases the pressure and air goes in.
        
        forced inhalation- scalenes muscles, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor
        
        activated when trying to get more into lungs then during a normal breathing
  - - - passive process- diaphragm and rib muscles relax
        
        all you have to do is relax the diaphragm and relax rib muscles thats whats oging to cause the lungs to go back to its normal size. More healthier lungs is going to have more elasticity that means its going to bounce back. If lungs are damaged by disease/age, then its going to lose its elasticity and is going to be less effective getting the air out.
      - elastic recoil of stretched elastic fibers of lungs :arrow_down: lung volume and :arrow_up: pressure, forcing air out of lungs
        
        higher than ATP which means air is going to flow out
        
        intercostal muscles relaxed thats going to bring the rib cage down and in. The sternum is going to move back forward. The diaphragm relaxes and moves up back to its normal size. The ribs are coming down inward by the action of the intercostal muscles are relaxing that's going to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity thats going to increase the pressure inside lungs which is going to be higher that ATP then the air is going to flow out
      - forced expiration requires contraction of intercostal ribs muscles and abdominal muscles (rectus and transversus abdominis, and external and internal obliques)
        
        will activate and thats going to flow allow for greater force thats going to force air out of lungs