Skeletal System and Joints
Components of a Typical Long Bone
Types of Bone Cells
Classification, Structure, and Function of Fibrous and Cartilaginous Joints
Structural Components of a typical Synovial Joint
Endosteum - Thin vascular membrane that forms the Medullary cavity
Yellow Bone Marrow - Adipose Tissue (fat tissue) inside bones
Medullary Cavity (Marrow Cavity) - Central Cavity of bones, where yellow and red bone marrow is stored
Diaphysis (shaft) - Shaft or central part of long bones
Red Bone Marrow - Forms all blood cells (except Lymphocyes)
Periosterum - Dense layer of vascular tissue surrounding bone (except joints). Has 2 layers.
1st: Outer Layer (D.I.C.T) is an attachment place for tendons and ligaments
2nd: Inner Layer: Osteogenic cellular layer, meaning it generates bone
Perforating Fibers (Sharpey's Fibers) - Connects Periosteum to bone using mostly collagen fibers
Compact Bone - Hard outer shell of bone
Nutrient Arteries - Supplies nutrients and blood to the medullary cavity of the bone
Spongy Bone - Made up of Trabeculae in the Epiphysis of bones, surrounded by compact bone
Condial - Rounded protuberance at the end of some bones. Made up of articular cartilage (Hyaline cartilage)
Epiphysis (Epiphyses) - End part of a Long Bong
Osteocytes - Maintain healthy bone tissue
Osteogenic - Stem cells that can differentiate into more stem cells or osteoblasts
Osteoclasts - Origin is a type of leukocyte. 5-20 cells that fuse together to form one large Osteoclast. They have microvilli that help break down bone by secreting enzymes that break down the organic part of the bone and liberates the mineral part of the bone. The minerals are then reabsorbed into the blood. Organic bits of bone are taken up by the osteoclast and broken down.
Osteoclasts - Create bone extracellular matrix in growing bone, and remodeling bone. They then become osteocytes.
Cartilaginous Joints
Fibrous Joints
Fontanelles - membranes between cranial bones in infants (soft spots)
Syndesmosis - Short connective fibers
Location: Distal Tibiofibular
Movement: Little movement
Very Short interconnecting fibers
Location: only in the skull
Movement: None (in adults)
Gomphosis - short connective fibers called periodontal ligaments
Location: Where the roots of the teeth are in the mandible / Maxilla
Movement: No Movement
Synchondrosis - Where bones are connected by Hyaline cartilage.
Location: Epiphyseal plates, and inbetween 1st rib and manubrium
Movement: No Movement
Symphysis - Where bones are connected by fibrocartilage. Can be made up of Hyaline Cartilage and Fibrous Cartilage
Location: Intervertebral Joints and Pubic symphysis
Movement: little movement
Outer Capsule - Continuous with the periosteum
Hyaline Cartilage of Synovial Joints - Covers the articulating surfaces of the bones
Synovial Fluid - Slippery and lubricating, helps reduce shock, and nourishes articular cartilage made up of hyaline cartilage.
Fibrocartilage - Menisci of knees that absorb shock and helps fit the bones in the right joint
Joint Capsule - Outer part is D.I.C.T. and the inner part is areolar connective tissue which makes up the synovial membrane that then produces the synovial fluid to fill the joint cavity
Bursa - Helps reduce friction. It is a synovial membrane in a sac filled with synovial fluid.
Found between: bone and skin, bone and tendons, bone and ligaments, bone and muscle
Tendon Sheath - Bursa with a specific shape. It is a synovial membrane that wraps around a tendon.