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LomeliVanessaRespiratorySystem (Disorders of the Respiratory System (Lung…
LomeliVanessaRespiratorySystem
Anatomy of Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Zones
Conducting zone
respiratory zone
The Larynx
Epiglottis
flaps that prevent food from entering
Vocal Folds
produce sound w/ friction
Trachea
cartilage w/ c-shape rings
Bronchi
divides in to left and right bronchi and bronchioles
Upper Respiratory Tract
Pharynx
larynpharanyx
oropharynx
nasopharynx
Nose
nasal conchae
nasal cavity
Internal and External Respiration
External Respiration (pulmonary gas exchange)
ark red blood flowing through the pulmonary circuit is transformed into the scarlet river that is returned to the heart for distribution by systemic arteries to all body tissues.
Influences of Expiration:
Ventilation-perfusion coupling (matching alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion
Thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane
Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
Internal Respiration (pulmonary ventilation)
involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues;
O2 moves rapidly from blood into tissues until equilibrium is reached. At the same time, CO2 moves quickly along its pressure gradient into blood. As a result, venous blood draining the tissue capillary beds and returning to the heart has a PO2 of 40 mm Hg and a PCO2 of 45 mm Hg.
Major Functions
The nose provides an airway for respiration; warms, moistens, and cleanses incoming air; and houses the olfactory receptors
The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood returned from the systemic circulation to the lungs, where gas exchange occurs. The pulmonary veins return newly oxygenated (and most bronchial venous) blood back to the heart to be distributed throughout the body. The bronchial arteries provide the nutrient blood supply of the lungs.
Lung Capacity and Terminology
Inspiratory Capacity
is the total amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration, so it is the sum of TV and IRV.
Functional Residual Capacity
represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration and is the combined RV and ERV.
Vital Capacity
the total amount of exchangeable air. It is the sum of TV, IRV, and ERV.
Total Lung Capacity
is the sum of all lung volumes.
The Left and Right Bronchi and their Differences
Right Bronchi:
The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left.
has three lobar (secondary) bronchi
Left Bronchi:
has two lobar secondary bronchi
Disorders of the Respiratory System
sinusitis
swollen sinuses, can block the sinuses and cause pain.
Asthma
chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.
COPD
a long-term lung disease that refers to both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD symptoms include persistent cough with mucus and shortness of breath
Bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness.
Hypoxeia
blood is given an inadequate amount of oxygen
Pnemonia
oxygen toxicity
develops rapidly when PO2 is greater than 2.5–3 atm. Excessively high O2 concentrations generate huge amounts of harmful free radicals, resulting in profound CNS disturbances, coma, and death.
laryngitis
causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with their vibration. This changes the vocal tone, causing hoarseness, or in severe cases limiting us to a whisper.
Lung Cancer
Symptoms include cough (often with blood), chest pain, wheezing, and weight loss. These symptoms often don't appear until the cancer is advanced.
Treatments vary but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted drug therapy, and immunotherapy
Cystic Fibrosis
the mucus clogs the airways and traps germs, like bacteria, leading to infections, inflammation, respiratory failure, and other complications.
Organs and Locations
Nose
only externally visible part of the respiratory system, fashioned by the nasal and frontal bones superiorly
Pharynx (throat)
connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly, from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra
Larynx
extends for about 5 cm (2 inches) from the level of the third to the sixth cervical vertebra. Superiorly it attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx. Inferiorly it is continuous with the trachea
Trachea
descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum. It ends by dividing into the two main bronchi at midthorax
Bronchi
approximately at the level of T7 in an erect (standing) person, Each bronchus runs obliquely in the mediastinum before plunging into the medial depression
Lungs
Flank in the mediastinum in throax
Breathing Mechanism
Diaphram
Thin, tough dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
contraction expands the thoracic cavity
Diaphragmatic (deep breathing) requires more diaphragm effort
Hiccups are spasms in the diaphragm. Caused by fast eating, intense laughter, and temperature
Intercostal Muscles
Found in between the rib bones, contraction elevates the ribs and sternum
Costal (shallow) breathing. not much effort needed
forced breathing
accessory muscles assist in expiration and for the diaphragm to contract and relax forcefully
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