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geog revision mock mindmap (coasts (hard engineering (hard enginnering not…
geog revision mock mindmap
topic 1-ecosystems
ecosystem envirement for biotic and abiotic
cold environments
icleand
tourism
advantage lots of jobs
multiplier effect
energy cheap HED hydro electric power
permafrost
construction difficultt
can not grow crops
things need to be imported
keywords
permafrost
adaption
low pressure
hiigh pressure
ecosystem
wwf
requires support for them to act
antarctic treaty
not all countries have signed the treaty
can not enforce problems
examples eco systems
decidious forest
tropical rainforest
grassland
locations of ecosystems
colder eco systems to north
warmer ones near eqautor/tropics
threats to ecosystems
logging
hedge rows cut
europhication
when fertiliser goes on to a pond and grows algae draining the oxygen within the pond and killing the fish inside
forest steward shipc ouncil
difficult to police
tries to stop illegal logging
tropical rainforest
bio diversity
plants not much light on forest floor large leaves tall plants used
4 layers
emergent layer
canopy
forest flooor
undercanopy
national parks
small scale
provides jobs to logggers
selective logging
where only set amount logging occurs so that plants can regrow
rivers
key terms
thalweg
long profile
cross profile
river basin
erosion
attrition
abrasion
hydraulic action
transporation
suspension
soloution
saltation
traction
river physical geography
erosion
hydraulic
water gains power due to speed and erodes rocks by going through small cracks
attrition
small pebbles collide with each other and break up into several smaller peices which then erode sides
abarasion
rocks damage the sides of the river by colliding with the sides
transporation
solution
minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in soloution
suspension
fine light material is carried along in the water
saltation
small pebbles and stones are obunded along the irver bed
traction large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed
landforms
middle cource
meander
ox bow lakes
upper cource
waterfalls
gorges
interlocking spurs
lower cource
flood plains
flat bottemed valleys
york
river that were affected
river ouse river foss
human causes
not prepared foss barrier did not work well
flood defences
mary gate
fullerton ings
flood walls
physical causes
storm desmand
large amounts of rain fall
non-flood resistant geology
hard engineering
genrally less natural
expensive longterm
soft engineering
more natural
less expensive(genrally)
urbanisation
defnations/keywords
urban sprawl
movement from populated areas to unpopulated areas/movement from urban to rural areas ( which ever is easier to remeber)
brown field
a place which is not in use anymore can cause pollution within towns/cities as well cause dangerous areas tries to be avoided
favellas
similar to slums with buildings stacked upon each other set up by people rather than goverment
leeds
immigration
pay taxes goverment can spend cash on social services
causes urban sprawl
fiill in a gap in the job sector
more housing needed
user recourses
leeds waterfront
regenration leeds waterfront
several business likes restaurants cafes there
failed in regenration
brazil/rio de janerio
riro olympics
used alot of recourses
build some new houses but not for all
houses destoryed
favellas
police have to go in
illegal activity
buildings stakced upon roofs
goverment trying to help
other
LIC - low income country
HIC
high income country
NEE
newly emerging economy
megacities
city with over 10 million or more people
natural hazards
natural hazard
a threat caused by nature
tectonic hazards
destructive plate boundary
terrain destoryed by plates
chille
roads re opened to allow aid in
power water restoryed to 90% of homes within 10 days
emergency setvices acted quickly
nepal
looked at geology to see which rocks were more resistant
aid was provided to nepal
structures made from better materials to be earthquake resistant
700 people died
climate change
sea becomes acidic
needing to manually drop chemicals to neutralise ph
crops need to be drought resistant
different forms of irrgation
flooding
flood defences required
sea levels rising
artifical islands needing to be build
droughts
water having to be frozen to be stored
atmospheric hazard
hadley cell
ferrel cell
polar celll
atmospheric circulation
hot air from tropics rise than cools to lower down within each cell this then sometimes causes some cold air from the polar causing cold conditions at times
cold winds come in from the north colder towards south
tropical storms
cyclone
willy willy
hurricane
typhoon
caused by the sea gaining warmth allowing the tropical storms to be made
"eye"
peaceful part of the storm
typhoon haiyan
1,9 million people made homeless
several charities provided aid
broadcasted storms two days earlier
within phillipines
stormw as bigger than expected
7000 people died
"state of national calamity" given
170 miles per hour winds
8000 victims given aid
how people protectede
cyclone shelters
shelters which are able to survive cyclones and other tropical storms due to how its built
educating
showing people what to do if a problem does arise
dynamite used in some areas to redirect flow of magma in volcanoes
coasts
bay
where water erodes inwards then sediment is deposited
headland - near a bay there will be hard rock sticking out of this being called a headland
cliffs - cliffs made via waterfalls but without a river and a sea instead the sea erodes the botten if a cliff through abrasion and hydraulic action then the hard rock falls and the cliff starts to retreat further weather also erodes the surface of the cliff
wave cut platform - when the water mvoe sbackwards due to the wind sometimes depositing materials
backwash - when the water moves backwards due to the wind sometimes depositing materials
fetch - a fetch is something that is used to see how much water is being affected by the wind
longshore drift - this is where material is deposited such as pebbbled onto the beach
spit - due to a change in shappe of landscape the sand goes into the sea
swash -water that moves up the beach
mappelton
rock gryones
sediment trapped
helped create wide steeo sandy beaches
2 million speent
hard engineering
rock groynes
sea walls
gabions
hard enginnering not work with nature
genrally expensive
groynes
soft engineering
beach nourishment
reprofiling
dune norishmnet
works with nature genrally rather cheap