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Cold Environments (Svalbard (Opportunities (Mineral extraction (Rich…

- - - - Rich reservesd of oil
      - Main economic activity
      - 484 employed in 2007
      - New mine near Svea, 2014
      - Faced decline due to lower coal prices
      - Polluting
    - - Barents Sea one of richest fishing grounds in world
      - 150 species of fish
      - Important breeding/nursery grounds
      - Controlled by Norway & Russia for sustainability
    - - In 2011, 70,000 people visited Longyearbyen
      - Harbour enlarged to accomodate cruise shups
      - 300 jobs for local people
      - Snowmobile safaris
      - Legislation restricting size of cruise ships
  - - - Winter temp. below -30°C
      - Serious risk of frostbite
      - Layers of clothes slow down work
    - - Overground water & sewage pipes
      - Ensure permafrost not melted by hot pipes
      - Easy maintenance
    - - Permafrost can melt, unstable
      - Working in extreme temp. & low light is demanding
      - 50km of road raised up
      - Houses (1,147) raised up
- - - - Ensures oil companies protect environment
      - Recognise rights of native people
    - - Protected wilderness manged by Department of the Interior
      - OIl drilling kept away from these areas
      - Caribou, birds, musk oxen, wolves all protected
    - - Oversees sustainable fisheries in Alaska
      - Protects marine habitats
  - - - Pumping stations keep oil moving
      - Passes beneath rivers to minimise damage
    - - Could melt permafrost
      - Pipe is raised & insulated
    - - Pipe supported & can slide
      - Oil flow stops automatically if leak
    - - E.g. herds of caribou
      - Pipeline raised to allow migration beneath
  - - - Locals have knowledge/awareness
      - Message is passed down
    - - e.g. polar bears, narwhals, sharks
      - Apex predators that control food webs
    - - Oil companies
      - Local Inuit organisations
      - Government regulators