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Cardiovascular system, Bertha A. Cuevas, Per.01 (Diseases of the…
Cardiovascular system, Bertha A. Cuevas, Per.01
Major Functions of the Cardiovascular system
Protection- through white blood cells, antibodies, and complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend the body against foreign microbes and toxins. It also protects against infections. It also prevents the body from losing too much blood through clotting.
Regulates-body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of cells.
Transport-nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body. Also get rid of waste.
Anatomy Of the heart/ layers of the heart
4 chambers
Atria- 2 upper chambers, receive blood
Ventricles- 2 lower chambers, discharge the blood.
3 layers of the heart
Myocardium- middle layer, muscles of the heart
Endocardium-lines the inside of the heart and protects the valves and chambers. innermost layer
Epicardium- protective layer mostly made up of connective tissue- outer layer
Right of the heart-
Left of the heart
chordae tendae
trabeculae carnae
Papillary muscles
Bicupsid valve
Left ventricle
Left atrium
Middleish part
Interventricular septum
Apex
Right of the heart
Right ventricle
Right Atrium
tricupsid valve
The Four valves
Mitral valve: between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Pulmonary valve: between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
Aortic valve: between the left ventricle and the aorta.
Tricuspid valve: between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Blood flow through the heart and body
The sides and where they pump to
The right side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from your veins and pumps it to your lungs. It then turns the oxygen in to carbon dioxide.
The left side of your heart receives oxygen-rich blood from your lungs and pumps it through your arteries to the rest of your body.
Blood flow through the heart.
The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve.
The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle through the mitral valve.
The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body.
Blood flow through the body
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve
Major arteries and veins of the body
Veins
axillary vein
subclavian vein
cephalic vein
external jugular vein
basilic vein
internal jugular vein
renal vein
superior mesenteric vein
femoral vein
pulmonary vein
great saphenous vein
Arteries
Left main coronary artery branches into the circumflex artery and the left anterior descending artery.
left subclavian artery.
Right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and right ventricle with blood.
Cartoon artery.
Subclavian artery.
structural and
functional differences between blood vessel types
Veins-structure of veins is similar to that of arteries, again consisting of three layers: Tunica Adventitia: This is the strong outer covering of arteries and veins which consists of connective tissues, collagen and elastic fibres. contain valves which prevent the back flow of blood and aid venous return.responsible for returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart after arteries carry blood out.
Capillaries- very thin blood vessels. They bring nutrients and oxygen to tissues and remove waste products. They serve to distribute oxygenated blood from arteries to the tissues of the body and to feed deoxygenated blood from the tissues back into the veins.
Arteries- are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers. Arteries have very thick walls to withstand very high pressure as oxygenated has more pressure than deoxygenated ones. Made up of 3 layers. Their lumen is smaller than that of veins.
Cardiac Cycle and the ECG
Divided in to four separate periods.
2 of the periods occur during the relaxation phase.
2 other period occur during the contraction phase.
The ventricular filling period during diastole.
At the start of VFP, the heart is in a polarized state and blood is moving through the atria past the heart valves and into the ventricles. As an electrical stimulus occurs from the S-A node, the myocardial cells of the atria depolarize which causes the atria to contract. This atrial contraction forces additional blood past the tricuspid and bicuspid valves, filling the ventricles.
Atrial contraction is recorded on ECG as p wave.
the Isovolumetric Contraction Period in which begins systole for the cardiac cycle. The ICP is the beginning of ventricular contraction. Blood is not being ejected from the ventricles during ICP, but pressure is building in the ventricles in order to force the semilunar valves of the Aorta and pulmonary artery open. The pressure in the ventricle must exceed the pressure in the Aorta for blood to be ejected from the heart.
Ventricular Ejection Period which is a continuation of the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle. During VEP, pressure within the ventricles has increased well above the pressure in the Aorta and pulmonary vein. The pressure differential forces the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected from the ventricles into the arteries. Blood will be flow past the semilunar valves until the pressure gradient in the arteries exceeds the pressure of the contracting ventricles. Upon equillibrium of the pressures between the ventricles and arteries, the semilunar valves will shut, and blood flow from the ventricles will cease. You
Diseases of the cardiovascular system-
Congestive heart failure- A chronic condition in which the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should.
Arrhythmia- Improper beating of the heart, whether irregular, too fast, or too slow.
Cardiac arrest- Sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness.
Peripheral artery disease- A circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs.
High blood pressure- A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high.
Stroke- Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply.
Coronary artery disease-Damage or disease in the heart's major blood vessels.
Congenital heart disease- An abnormality in the heart that develops before birth.