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Ecology- Exam 2 (The Ecosystem Concept (Ecotone (Have more species…

- - - - Water
        
        Soils and vegetation
      - Temperature
        
        Amount of solar energy
        
        Primary Productivity
        
        Gross Primary Productivity
        
        Total Photosynthesis
        
        Net Primary Productivity
        
        Photosynthesis-Respiration
        
        Microclimate
        
        Important for organismal survival
        
        Allows the organism to regulate body temp
        
        Lay on rocks, in the shade, etc
        
        Organisms have adapted ways to regulate body temp
        
        Saltwater clams have ridges to increase surface area for heat dissipation
        
        Isopods cannot maintain their own temp
        
        Use microclimates to regulate temp
        
        Macroclimate
        
        Animal Performance
        
        Enzyme Activity
        
        Influenced by temp and substrate concentration
        
        If the temp is too hot, enzymes will denature
        
        Rainbow Trout
        
        Two types of acetylcholinesterase
        
        Winter AcH
        
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        Summer AcH
        
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        AcH influences muscle contractions
        
        Thermal Relations
        
        Conduction
        
        Heat lost/gained through direct contact
        
        Convection
        
        Heat lost/gained through a medium
        
        Body Temperature Regulation
        
        Ectothermic
        
        Poikilotherm
        
        Cannot maintain internal body temp through metabolism
        
        Maintains temp through muscle contractions
        
        Heliothermic
        
        Uses abiotic factors to regulate body temperature
        
        Endothermic
        
        Homeothermic
        
        Can regulate internal body temperature
        
        Thermal Neutral Zone
        
        Range of environmental temperatures over which the metabolic rate does not change
        
        Lower Critical Temperature
        
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        Upper Critical Temperature
        
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        Tropical species maintains a constant metabolic rate over a narrow range of temps
        
        Arctic species maintain a constant metabolic rate over a broad range of temps
        
        Torpor
        
        Occurs in organisms with high metabolic rate; small homeotherms
        
        Lowering of the metabolism to survive short increments of time
        
        Occurs at night or in cool temps
        
        Occurs when food supply is scarce
        
        Produce body temperature through metabolic activity
      - Organisms are often influenced by abiotic factors
      - Influences on the Climate
        
        Latitude and the Earth
        
        When the Earth is further away, incident sunlight must travel through more layers of the atmosphere, resulting in less intense radiation.
        
        Closer- Larger radiation footprint due to a more direct position
        
        Greenhouse Effect
        
        Atmosphere contains H2O, CO2, N2O, and CH4
        
        Retains some heat generated by solar radiation, keeping the Earth warm
        
        Much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space
        
        Equatorial Effects
        
        20-30 Degrees of the equator, deserts are located
        
        Oceans and Mountains
        
        Rainshadowing effect
        
        Nevada and the Cascade Mountains
        
        Moist air blows in from a body of water
        
        As the air rises, it cools and drops on the windward side of the mountains
        
        The dry air descends on the leeward side of the mountains
    - - Solar Energy powers all ecosystems
        
        Visible Light
        
        Autotrophs
        
        PAR- Photosynthetically Active Radiation
        
        Chlorophyll
        
        Photosynthetic Autotroph
        
        Uses visible light as an energy source
        
        Fixation of Carbon
        
        Production of organic compounds via photosynthesis
        
        Dark Reaction
        
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        Light Reaction
        
        Generates NADPH through light-excited electrons
        
        Splits H2O for H+ ions and O2 as a waste product
        
        Photosynthesis
        
        C3
        
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        C4
        
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        CAM
        
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        Factors
        
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        Ecology of Photosynthesis
        
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        Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
        
        Synthesize organic molecules using CO2 by oxidizing some other chemical compound
        
        H2S, NH4, NO2, S, or FE2+
        
        Heterotrophs
        
        Consume energy from other organisms
        
        Frequency- Speed
        
        Wavelength- Intensity
        
        Animal Adaptions to Light
        
        Circadian Rhythms
        
        An organism's internal clock synchronized to a 24-hour cycle
        
        Zeitgebers
        
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        Light quality and quantity changes with the seasons
        
        Ultraviolet Light- Breaks covalent bonds
        
        Tops of the forest and oceans are the most photosynthetically active
        
        Forest
        
        Midstory layer
        
        Roughly 7% of the PAR is absorbed
        
        Bottom
        
        Only 2% of the PAR makes it to the floor
        
        Top (Canopy)
        
        79% PAE is absorbed