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S204 Sociology Lesson 11: Violence in Sport (Curtailing Spectator…
S204 Sociology Lesson 11: Violence in Sport
What are kinds of violence in sports?
Body Contact
Physical contact that occurs within the rules of a sport
Eg:
Tackle in American Football or punching & jabbing in boxing
Borderline Violence
Assaults that occur routinely within the rules even if they are prohibited.
Eg:
Tripping in Soccer or fighting in Hockey
Criminal Violence
Practices that are clearly outside the law & athletes condemn them without question.
Eg:
Biting the ear in boxing & assaulting a fan in soccer.
Quasi-criminal Violence
Assaultive behaviour that violates both the informal code of player conduct & the formal rules of the sport.
Eg:
Bench clearing baseball or flagrant fouls that endanger the player in basketball
Nature of Violence
Frustration/Aggression
A person responds aggressively following a frustrating experience
Learned Behaviour
Violent social behaviour is an outcome of socialisation through either reinforcement or modelling
Instinctive Aggression
All human beings possess the aggressive trait
Relationship between Violence & Socialisation
Violence can only be reduced if there were changes in the culture in which athletes learn to value sports.
The changes in a culture of violence should start when they are young (socialisation through sports).
Relationship between Violence & Masculinity
Athletes use violence as a means to be perceived as competitive.
Violence is institutionalised in both non-contact & contact sports
Players take the role as "enforcers" or "goons"
Violence is not limited to man
Boys learn that being violent in sports can avoid labels like "fag" & "sissy" & become a "real" man
Dominant ideas about masculinity leads to higher rate of injuries
Boys learn that dangerous acts in sports is a necessary part.
Media, Commercialisation & Violence
Media & Commercialisation of sport does not cause violence in sports
Violence in sports was already present before television & the involvement of corporations
However, the media socialises the young into accepting sports violence
Violence attracts audiences & generates profit for media companies
Media trivialises violence
Curtailing Athlete Aggression
Impose severe & swift penalties for athletes, coaches, trainers
Organise referee, coach, parent & athlete workshops
Lower the tolerance to violent acts
Teach & practice emotional control
Promote only non-aggressive athlete role models
Crowd Violence
The action of the sport itself.
The crowd dynamics & the situation in which the spectators watch the event.
The historical, social, economic & political contexts in which the event is planned & played.
Football Hooliganism
Refers to spectator violence in soccer in the forms of vandalism/ aggression perpetuated by specific groups of fans
Causes of football hooliganism stems from:
Excessive alcohol intake by spectators
Strong identification with the teams
The nature of football which is akin to two groups fighting for dominance
Curtailing Spectator Aggression
Make media responsible for building up tension
Focus on the player's skills rather than on hurting the opponents
Make sports events a family affair
Impose heavy & swift fines to violent spectators
Ban alcoholic beverages at sports events
Hold media liable for instigating violence