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geography (russian federation (two continents = largest country, sparsely…
geography
russian federation
two continents = largest country, sparsely poluated (152 mil)
former communist state, regime collapsed in 1991
capital - Moscow, the Kremlin palace, home of tsars
St. Petersburg = Venice of the North
many ethnics (Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, ..)
Siberia; from E of Ural mts. to the Pacific, UNINHABITED, taiga (forest), tundra with permafrost, lots of animals (reindeers, bears, Siberian tigers), RAW MATERIALS (coal, gas (1/3 of worlds resources), oil, gold)
agriculture: 10% land used (fertile triangle) WHEAT (South central part) RYE POTATOES, taiga = PAPER, FURNITURE
industry: vast industrial complexes in Ural mts.
trans-siberian railroad: Moscow to Vladivostok
lake Baikal = blue eye of Siberia (deepest overall, largest freshwater lake 20% of resources)
oceania
high islands - volcanic origin (tall mountains, enough fresh water, fertile soils - New Guinea, Hawaii, Fiji)
continental islands - parts of continents (New Caledonia, New Zealand, Guinea)
low islands - made of corals (called Atols, small)
unevenly distributed 12 mil people
polynesia (many): triangular area (N: Hawaii, W: New Zealand, E: Eastern Isl.)
hawaii (honolulu, US) - 1,404 mil.
volcanoes: MAUNA LOA(4169) MAUNA KEA (4200)
tahiti (papeete)
new zealand (wellington)
micronesia (small): 0 lat., 20 N, 130-180 E
marshall isl. (uliga)
federated states of micronesia (kolonia, us)
northern mariana islands (garapan, us)
melanesia (black) - volcanic origin, negroes
solomon isl. (honiara) fiji (suva) bismarck vanuatu
sub/equatorial climate, eng + fra language, environment based agriculture (coconuts, copra, vanila, bananas,..), resources (nickel - New Caledonia; gold - fiji), government = foreign control (UK, FRA, US)
new zealand / AOTEAROA = long white cloud
polaynesia, the Fire ring,
North island: volcanic origin (geysers (biggest - BLACK WATER), volcano (Mt. RAUPEHU), calderas (lake TAUPO), geothermal station WAIRAKEI - 2nd biggest), subtropical climate, grow citrus and other fruit
South island: bigger, divided by SOUTHERN ALPS, Mt. COOK, fjords, lakes (TEKAPO), glacier activity, mild climate, temperate maritime climate, sheep, deer farming
distinctive fauna (KIWI), flora, 82% endemic
population - 78% European, 14% Maori, language: English, Maori
capital - Wellington, biggest - Auckland, British Dominion
australia (commonwealth)
island continent: W: Shark bay, N: Cape York, E: Cape Byron, S: South East Cape
queensland (brisbane) south australia (adelaide) west australia (perth) tasmania (hobart) northern territory (darwin) australia capital territory (canberra)
great sandy desert, gibson desert, great victoria desert
C: great artesian basin, mac donnel mts., ayers rock = ULURU, E: the great divinding range, blue mts., australian alps, N: carpentaria basin, arnhem plateau, NW: kimberley plateau, S: nullarbour plain, NE: great barrier reef in coral sea, rivers MURRAY and DARLING
terra australis incognita (unknown south land)
arctic
mostly a vast ice-covered ocean
chukchi sea, laptev sea, kara sea, barrens sea, greenland sea, norwegian sea, beaufort sea, bering
370 km economic zone
temperature: av.: -40, lowest: -68
polar bear, Aurora Borealis, R. Peary (1909)
antarctic
5th largest continent (14 mil km sq.), 98% covered by ice, largest reservoir of fresh water, considered a desert (<200mm), coldest, driest, windiest, Transantarctic mts. between Ross and Weddell seas, peak Vinson Massif (4879), low Bentley Subglacial trench (-2555), 4 active inland volcanoes, Mount Erebus (3795) highest offshore (strato)volcano on Ross isl.
mosses, lichens, 2 flowering plants, penguins, seals, orcas, blue whales, snow petrel (víchrovník), no permanent resident, Aurora Australis, Ronald Amundsen (1911), Antarctic treaty (1959, 49 countries)