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The Cardiovascular System, Victoria Gomez, Period 2 (Disorders of the…
The Cardiovascular System, Victoria Gomez, Period 2
Major Functions
Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes).
Protection of the body by white blood cells, antibodies, and complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend the body against foreign microbes and toxins. Clotting protects the body from blood loss after injuries.
Regulation of body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of cells.
Anatomy of the Heart
Anterior(external)
Internal
Posterior(external)
Layers of the Heart
Pericardium: Double-layered sac enclosing the heart and forming its superficial layer; has fibrous and serous layers.
Fibrous Pericardium: loose fitting superficial part of pericardium sac
serous pericardium: a thin, slippery, two-layer serous membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart
Myocardium: Layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle.
Epicardium: visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Endocardium: Endothelial membrane that lines the interior of the heart.
Blood flow through the heart and body
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Body
Right Arium
Right Ventricle
Lungs
Repeat
Veins: blood to heart
Arteries: blood away from heart
Major arteries and veins of the body
Veins
Superior & Inferior vena cava, Common iliac vein, Greater & Lesser Saphenous veins, Femoral & Deep Femoral veins, Subclavian vein, Cephalic vein, Axillary vein, Brachial vein, internal jugular vein, external jugular vein
Arteries
Aorta, Common Iliac artery, femoral artery, tibial artery, subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, ulnar artery, radial artery, carotid artery, vertebral artery
Structural and Functional differences between blood vessel types
Arteries
Blood vessels that conduct blood away from the heart and into the circulation.
Elastic arteries(conducting arteries): thick-walled arteries near the heart. Example: the aorta and its major branches
Muscular arteries(distributing arteries): deliver blood to specific body organs,have the thickest tunica media of all vessels, less capable of stretching
Arteriole: A minute artery. Smaller arterioles, which lead into the capillary beds.
Veins
Blood vessels that return blood toward the heart from the circulation.
Have one-way valves to prevent back flow of blood returning to heart
Larger lumen size then artery
Capillaries
Exchange vessels between veins and arteries
Sinusoid Capillary: most permeable and least common
Fenestrated Capillary: have largest pores that increase permeability
Continuous Capillary: least permeable and most common
Cardiac cycle
Phase 1: Ventricular Filling Period (VFP/diastole)- heart is in a polarized state and blood is moving through the atria past the heart valves and into the ventricles. This atrial contraction (caused by elecrical stimulus from the S-A node) forces additional blood past the tricuspid and bicuspid valves, filling the ventricles.
Phase 2: The isovolumetric contraction phase is the split-second period when the ventricles are completely closed chambers and the blood volume in the chambers remains constant as the ventricles contract.
Phase 3: ventricular ejection phase, blood rushes from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The pressure in the aorta normally reaches about 120 mm Hg.
Phase 4: The ventricles are completely closed chambers, and so this event marks the beginning of the isovolumetric relaxation phase.
Disorders of the Cardiovascular system
Myocarditis: Inflammation of the cardiac muscle layer (myocardium) of the heart
Mitral valve prolapse: abnormal chordae tendineae or a malfunction of the papillary muscles. One or more of the mitral valve flaps become incompetent and billow into the left atrium during ventricular systole, allowing blood flow back into chamber.
Asystole: Situation in which the heart fails to contract.
Commotio cordis: Situation in which a relatively mild blow to the chest causes heart failure and sudden death because it occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing.
Cor pulmonale: A condition of right-sided heart failure resulting from elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit.
Endocarditis: Inflammation of the endocardium, usually confined to the endocardium of the heart valves.
Heart palpitation: A heartbeat that is unusually strong, fast, or irregular so that the person becomes aware of it.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): Causes the cardiac muscle cells to enlarge, thickening the heart wall. The heart pumps strongly but doesn’t relax well.
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT): Bursts of atrial contractions with little pause between them.
Ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-tac): Rapid ventricular contractions that are not coordinated with atrial activity.
ECG
T wave: caused by ventricular repolarization, typically lasts about 0.16 s. Repolarization is slower than depolarization, so the T wave is more spread out and has a lower amplitude (height) than the QRS complex.
PR interval: The time (about 0.16 s) from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation.
QRS complex: The large QRS complex results from ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricular contraction.
S-T segment: The action potentials of the ventricular myocytes are in their plateau phases, the entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized.
P wave: lasts about 0.08 s and results from movement of the depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria.
