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Explaining Male Underachievement (Policies Implemented to tackle these…
Explaining Male Underachievement
Poor Male Literacy (External)
Department for Children, Schools & Families 2007 - Argue that the 'Gender Gap' is the result of poor literacy amongst males.
Reading - 'Feminised'.
Boys socialised - 'Active'.
Feminisation of Education (Internal)
Sewell 2006 - Education has become 'feminised' & do not nurture masculine traits.
Decline in Manufacturing (External)
Manufacturing 'Masculine' jobs have moved abroad & male employment opportunities have been hampered.
Mitsos & Browne 1998 - This has created a 'Crisis of Masculinity'.
Shortage of Male Primary School Teachers (Internal)
Lack of positive male role models...DFES 2007 - 16% of P School teachers are males in 2010 10%. Yougov 2007 - 39% 8-11 year olds = no male teachers.
Laddish Subcultures (Internal)
Epstein 1998 - W/C Boys likely to be called 'Sissie' 'swots' as well as be subject to homophobic harassment if seen doing their work.
'Masculinity' viewed negatively in education.
Francis 2001 - Boys often get labelled 'swots' by their peers, this leads to them to reject the culture & values of education system.
E.g. Willis 1977 - 'Learning to Labour'.
Licht & Dweck 1987 - Support these arguments by highlighting their findings that girls are much less confident than boys.
Policies Implemented to tackle these problems
The 'Raising Boys Achievement Project'
The 'National Literacy Strategy'.
The 'Reading Champions Scheme'.
'Playing for Success'.
'Dads & Sons Campaign'.
Problems that are highlighted here could be suggesting they are exaggerating & are ignoring the 'progression'.
A03
DFES 2007 - Social Class Gap in education is 3X wider than the Gender Gap, therefore males & females from same social group tend to achieve the same.
Ignore the Ethnicity Gap in education.
Connolly 2006 - 'The Interactions Effect' - More useful to consider different combinations of Class, Gender & Ethnicity when examining differences in achievement.
Over Estimating Own Ability (External)
Stanworth 1983 - Boys likely to blame lack of effort on teachers for their failure instead of their own lack of ability.
Barber 1996 - Boys tend to over-estimate own ability & girls under-estimate theirs.