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cardiovascular system (cardiovascular disorders (murmur (abnormal or…

- - - - pericardium
        
        double serous membrane
        
        visceral pericardium
        
        next to the heart
        
        parietal pericardium
        
        outside layer
      - pericardial cavity
        
        created by two layers of pericardium; filled with serous fluids
    - - endocardium
        
        inner lining
      - myocardium
        
        middle; thick muscle layer
      - epicardium
        
        outer connective tissue layer
- - - - recieving chambers
        
        left atrium
        
        receives blood from lungs
        
        right atrium
        
        receives blood from the rest of the body
    - - discharging chambers
        
        right ventricle
        
        discharges blood to the lungs
        
        left ventricle
        
        discharges blood to the rest of the body
        
        interventricular septum
        
        wall separating the left and right ventricle
  - - - flow of blood to and from lungs to the heart
    - - flow of blood from rest of body to the heart
    - - flow of blood to myocardium of heart
        
        coronary arteries
        
        supplies blood to the heart
        
        cardiac veins
        
        carries blood away from the heart
      - blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus
  - - - between atria and ventricles
        
        bicuspid valve
        
        on the left; mitral valve
        
        tricuspid valve
        
        on the right
    - - between ventricle and artery
        
        pulmonary semilunar valve
        
        between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
        
        aortic semilunar valve
        
        between left ventricle and the aorta
    - - anchors valves to ventricular wall
    - - close to prevent backflow
      - blood flows in only one direction
  - - - leaves left ventricle to thte rest of the body
    - - leaves right ventricle to lungs branch into pulmonary arteries
    - - enters right atrium from upper and lower parts of body
    - - enter left atrium from lungs
- - - - heart muscle cells die due to lack of blood to heart muscles
        
        caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
        
        symptoms include chest pain, pain down the left arm, shortness of breathing, fever, and vomiting
  - - - caused by defect in the intrinsic conducting system specifically the SA node
  - - - may be indication of myocardial infection or pain during exercise or extersion
      - also pain may be due to sore chest muscles
  - - - may be commonly caused by viral infections which causes build up of fluid in the pericardial cavity and prevents the heart from expanding and contracting to pump blood
- - - - contraction
    - - relaxation
  - - - ventricular systole
        
        blood pressure builds up before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
      - early diastole
        
        atria finish refilling, ventricular pressure is low
      - mid-to-late diastole
        
        blood flows into ventricles
  - - - lub
        
        long 1st heart sound caused by closing AV valves
      - dup
        
        short 2nd sound caused by closing of semilunar valves
  - - - heart rate
        
        how many times the heart beats per minute
      - stroke volume
        
        volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
      - CO= Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
  - - - heart muscle cells contract without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
        
        atrioventricular bundle
        
        right and left bundle branches
        
        located at the introventricular septum
        
        atrioventricular node
        
        at junction between atria and ventricles
        
        purkinje fibers
        
        specialized myocardinal muscle fibers that conduct electric impulses; spread within muscles of ventricular wall
        
        sino atrial node
        
        located in the right atrium; starts heart beat and creates pace
  - - - sympathetic nervous system
        
        crisis or low blood pressure
      - hormones
        
        epinephrine & thyroxine
      - exercise
      - decrease blood volume
    - - starlings law of heart
        
        more cardiac muscle is stretched, stronger contraction
    - - parasympathetic nervous system
      - high blood pressure or blood volume
      - decreased venons return