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External Factors - Gender & Educational Achievement (The Feminist…
External Factors - Gender & Educational Achievement
The Feminist Movement & Women's Rights
The Feminist Movement = improved rights of women as well as raising expectations & self - esteem /motivation of women.
Women no longer strictly bound to the 'Mother / Housewife Role'.
Feminists would argue that true equality with males has not being fully achieved many would agree that position of women has greatly improved (since 1960's).
Sharpe 1976/1994 - Just like a girl Girls priorities 1976 = Love, Marriage, Husbands, Children, Career.
1994 = Career, Independence then maybe relationships etc.
McRobbie 1994 - Magazines e.g. Jackie, 70's - emphasised importance of getting married.
Nowadays - priorities have changed & women faced with more positive role models within the media.
Sex Discrimination Act 1975.
Divorce Reform Act 1970.
Changes in the Family
Increase in ... Divorce Rates, Lone-Parent families (usually female headed) & Cohabitation
Decrease in ... Marriage Rates, Birth Rates & Family size.
Lobban found in story books females tend to be portrayed as dependant, passive quiet & sensible whereas boys were more adventurous, active, independent & 'boisterous'.
Employment Opportunities for Women
The 1970 Equal Pay Act - Illegal to pay one sex more than another for work of equal value.
The 1975 Sex Discrimination Act- Prohibits sex discrimination in the workplace.
Mitsos & Browne 1998 - Highlight how the growing Service Sector / Economy has created more 'feminised' career opportunities for women e.g. in Healthcare, Hospitality, Teaching, Clerical & Childcare professions.
Francis 2001 - Interviewed girls about career aspirations & concluded due to increased employment opportunities, females have become extremely ambitious & aim for 'high professions' e.g. Doctors & Solicitors.
Webb et al 2008 - Women in employment went from 47% (1959) 70% (2007).
Pay gap between men & women has fallen from 30% to 17% since 1975.
More & more women are breaking through the 'Glass Ceiling Effect'.
4) Changing Social Attitudes, Perceptions & Ambitions
All the previous arguments show women are being perceived differently in contemporary society & ambitions of women are becoming bigger & more adventurous
The Feminist Movement & Women's Rights + Changes in the Family + Employment Opportunities for Women + Changing Social Attitudes, Perceptions & Ambitions = Increased Educational Success of Females.