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Cold War intensifies (Part 1) (Key Events of Hungarian Uprising (USSR…
Cold War intensifies (Part 1)
Mutually Assured Destruction
USSR will be heavily damaged and launch a counter strike against USSR
Both USSR and USA are obliterated in a nuclear war
If USA launches a nuclear strike against USSR
As a result they both completely destroyed each-other
Between 1943-53 USA increase military spending by 267%
Between 1949-53 USSR increase military spending by 90%
Importance of Arms Race (1949-58)
Tension
Both sides were concerned that the other was preparing to strike first. Development of SLBMs and ICMBs suggested this was true
Development of first trike made cold war more precarious. Both sides were watching each others moves incase of of an imminent attack
Became less likely to trust each other because they feared each other so much
Other technologies developed
Both sides were spending huge amounts of money developing weapons
In 1957, Soviets developed Sputnik which orbit the Earth ad triggered the space race with USA
Suggests that the arms race was leading to important changes in other areas as they both had the desire to fire ICBMs at each other
MAD
By the end of the 1950s, there was a position of Mutually Assured
Destruction
By 1961 they both had around 250 ballistic missiles each and this would have been able to destroy the other side in a nuclear exchange
This made the Cold War slightly less dangerous because the weapons were now their own deterrent and there would be no point attacking the other side
Powerful
Both sides became more powerful
USA had developed their own hydrogen bomb in 1952
In 1953, USSR developed their own hydrogen bomb which was 1000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb which was used at Hiroshima
This created a situation where the Cold War was much more dangerous because new weapons were being developed. There was danger human life could be ended in nuclear exchange
Key Events of Hungarian Uprising
Rakosi's Repression (1947-53)
Was used to keep people under control
This was unpopular as was Rakosi as his economic plans failed
People plotted to have him killed. Rakosi had them killed or imprisoned
20,000 were killed and 200,000 were imprisoned on his orders
USSR Invade (4th Nov 1956)
Khrushchev could not tolerate Nagy's reforms
He ordered a full scale military invasion
200,000 soldiers and 6,000 tanks arrived and taking over Budapest
Nearly 20,000 Hungarians were killed
Nagy then issued a plea for help to the UN
Geneva Summit (July 1955)
in July 1955 there were peace talks
Showed cooperation between the 2 superpowers
Agreement on how Austria would be run
Nagy announces reform (27-30 Oct 1956)
There would be freedom of speech, freedom of press and freedom of religion
Hungary would develop trade links with West in order to improve economy
Other political parties would be part of the government
Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact. This was worrying to Khrushchev
New leaders (1953)
Both USA and USSR changed leaders
Eisenhower was sworn in to replace Truman in January 1953
Stalins death in March 1953 led to less certainty of who would be leader
Nagy Executed (July 1958)
Kadar arranged for Nagy to be kidnapped
Nagy was executed to show countries in Eastern Europe how tough USSR could be
Rakosi Out (July 1956)
There were major protests against Rakosi
His economic plans and repressive attacks on his own people backfired
He was fired and replaced with Gero. This was disappointing and people saw him similar to Rakosi
Imre Nagy as Prime Minister (26th Oct 1956)
Nagy was communist
Believed that people should have more personal and political freedom
He thought other political parties should be allowed to run in elections and people can criticise government
Secret Speech (February 1956)
Khrushchev made a speech in which he attacked Stalins ideas
Was a feeling that the Soviet might relax some of its old rules about how Eastern Europe should be run
Soviet Control (1944-53)
Soviet soldiers made sure the Hungarian Communist Party was part of the Hungarian Government
By 1947, Communist Matyas Rakosi was prime minster
He was a strong supporter of Stalin and did what he was told by the USSR
Between this period Hungary was closely controlled by the USSR
New protests (21-25 October 1956)
Massive protests against Gero
Protests turned into full scale riots with statue of Stalin being pulled down
Red Army and police restored order
Nagy defeated (10 Nov 1956)
USA and UN could not afford to help
Some Hungarians fought but they were quickly defeated
Nagy fled to the Yugoslav Embassy and then Janos Kadar led the communist government