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Cardiovascular System - Gerardo Hurtado (Anatomy of the Heart (Right…
Cardiovascular System - Gerardo Hurtado
Major Functions of the
Cardiovascular System
Transport:
delivers O2 and nutrients through the blood; transfers metabolic wastes and hormones from endocrine organs to the heart
Tegulation:
maintains body temperature and fluid volumes; balances pH using buffers
Protection:
prevents blood loss and infections
Cardiovascular System
Artificial EPO
a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow.; used by athletes
Sickle Cell Anemia
a condition in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen throughout your body; the red blood cells become rigid and sticky and are shaped like sickles or crescent
Leukemias
a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells. These white blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells.
Polycythemia
a disease state in which the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood) is elevated; causes your blood to get too thick, can make you more likely to have clots, a stroke, or a heart attack
Infectious Mononucleosis
an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus; most common in teens and young adults, transmitted by saliva,; Symptoms include fatigue, fever, rash, and swollen glands
Varicose Veins
excessive pressure; Gnarled, enlarged veins, most commonly appearing in the legs and feet, there are no symptoms; Treatment involves compression stockings, exercise, or procedures to close or remove the veins.
Hypertension
high blood pressure, or it can result from an underlying condition, such as kidney disease; A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high.
Hypotension
low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood.
Edema
happens when your small blood vessels leak fluid into nearby tissues; occurs in diseases of the heart, liver, and kidneys is mainly caused by salt retention, which holds the excess fluid in the body.
Anatomy of the Heart
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Superior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Trunk
Right Pulmonary Veins
Fossa Ovalis
Tricuspid valve
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Left Pulmonary Veins
Bicuspid Valve
Chordae Tendineae
Trabeculae Carneae
Papillary Muscle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Interventricular Septum
: deep line that divides left and right ventricles
Interventricular Sulcus
; line that divides the left and right ventricles
Inferior Vena Cava
Layers of the
heart
Epicardium
: innermost layer of the pericardium, loose connective tissue; protect the inner heart layers and also assists in the production of pericardial fluid.
Endocardium
: Layer that lines inside heart chambers and covers valves. Deep to myocardium.
Myocardium
: composed of muscular tissue, cardiac muscle cells; contracts to pump blood out of the heart and then relaxes as the heart refills with returning blood
Pericardial Cavity:
space between parietal and visceral serous pericardium, filled with serous fluid. Fluid is
lubricating
, reduces friction between heart and other organs/bones
Major arteries and veins of the body
Arteries: elastic, thick tunicas w/ more smooth muscle, low resistance lumen
Aorta; conduction of blood from heart to
arterioles: all three tunicas, changing of diameters change resistance- blood flow; vasoconstriction
Veins: carry blood to heart
venous veins: prevent backflow of blood, most abundant
venous sinuses: flattened veins w/ thin walls
venules:united capillaries; allows fluids and WBC's into tissue
Structural and functional differences
Vascular Shunt
the function of blood redistribution to the muscles with greater demand, while diverting away from areas of lower demand, through:
the widening of blood vessels (vasodiation); narrowing of blood vessels (vasoconstriction)
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels, with very thin walls; assist with gaseous exchange at the lungs.
Arteries
Thick, muscular walls; carry blood away from the heart to the body, carry oxygenated blood, carry blood under high pressure
Veins
Thin walls, contain valves to ensure blood flows in one direction; carry blood to the heart, carry deoxygenated blood, carry blood under low pressure
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
ECG: a medical test that detects heart problems by measuring the electrical activity generated by the heart as it contracts
deoxygenated blood from the body
vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
pulmonary circuit (lungs)
oxygenation
oxygenated blood from lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
systemic circuit (body)
Blood Flow (Heart to Body)
1) The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
2) The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve
3) The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle through the mitral valve.
4) The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body.