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PSYCHOLOGY OF CRIME (WEEK 5: PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (division of the mind…

- - - - repressed
    - - thanatos
      - eros
  - - - present at birth
      - unconscious
      - energy instinct
      - pleasure principle
      - thanatos/ egos
    - - reality
      - common sense
      - reason
      - conscious
      - weak ego, poor choices, peer pressure
      - strong ego, selfish, manipuative
    - - life goals
      - idealself
      - partly conscious
      - produce guilt
      - morality
      - overdeveloped, high guilt
      - unrealistic demands
      - underdeveloped, unregulated id, impulsive
      - regulates id, satisfies ego
        
        helps ego
    - - ego controls super ego and id
      - super ego makes demands
      - conflict produces anxiety
      - mechanisms
        
        denial
        
        repression
        
        displacement
        
        reaction formation
        
        projection
        
        regression
        
        conversion
        
        substitution
      - anxiety reduced by mechanisms that protect the ego
  - - - oral 0-2
        
        gratification via mouth
      - anal2-3
        
        fixation
        
        control waste
      - phallic3-5
        
        kill parent of same sex, posses opposite
      - latency
        
        social
      - genital
        
        begin puberty
  - - - free associattion
      - symbol interpretation
      - dream interpretation
      - fantasy interpretation
      - projective technique
  - - - delinquent behaviour results when the superego remains underdeveloped
      - largely a result of poor parenting that lacks stability and happiness
      - three factors that create delinquency; a weak ego; lack of independence of the superego; childish instinctive urges
    - - conflict between an overbearing superego (the moral demands of society) and the desires of the id.
      - overdeveloped super ego creates guilt and anxiety
      - released through punishment
    - - thantos
        
        release aggression
        
        if not violent crime
- - - - cross situation debate
    - - change over time, strength, biological more consistent than environmental
    - - .5 genetic
    - - higher order
      - secondary
      - behavioural
  - - - openness
      - conscientatility
      - extravesion
      - agreeableness
      - neuroticism
    - - MMPI
      - CPI
      - 16pf
      - single trait
        
        altruism
        
        sensation seeking
        
        empathy
        
        impulsivity
      - super traits
        
        eysenck's three factor
        
        p strongest
        
        e weakest
        
        next strongest
  - - - psychoticism
        
        lack empathy
        
        frontal lobe
      - extraversion
        
        impulsive
        
        under arousal
      - neuroticism
        
        anxiety, mood
        
        ANS
  - - - CLUSTER A , ODD OR ECENTRIC
        
        paraniod, schizo
      - CLUSTER B, EMOTIONAL OR ERRATIC
        
        antisocial
        
        narcissistic
      - CLUSTER C, ANXIOUS AND FEARFUL
        
        avoidant
        
        dependant
        
        obsessive compulsive
  - - - not a legal construct
      - psychopath, sociopath, apd
      - psycho
        
        primary
        
        neurotic
        
        secondary
        
        dissocial
        
        enviroment
        
        PCL
- - - - behavioral theory sr model stimuli response
    - - environment. person, behaviour
  - - - cocktail party effect
    - - expected outcome
    - - internal / external
      - intentional/accidental
      - stable/unstable
    - - internal
      - external
    - - internal images produce same effects as real
  - - - vicarious learning
      - observation
      - modelling
      - influenced
        
        family
        
        subculture
        
        symbols
        
        media
      - look for similar role models
    - - provocation
      - frustration/anger
      - threatened
      - command
    - - direct external force reinforcement
        
        rewards
      - vicarious reinforcement
        
        observed rewards and punishment
      - self reward and punishment
        
        delay of gratification
        
        self efficacy
        
        cognitive disengagement
        
        excuses / neutralisation
        
        minimise
        
        rules
        
        victim
        
        consequences
        
        responsibility
  - - - abuse
      - violence
      - experienced / witnessed
    - - delinquent
      - gang member
    - - porn
      - violence
    - - sel talk
      - imagery
      - social skills training
      - cognitive behavioural theory
  - - - unconscious
    - - conscious
  - - - maximise pleasure minimise pain
      - amount of info and amount of time
    - - weigh up risk and rewards
    - - repeated behaviour becomes automatic
        
        pred=judice
      - crime scripts
        
        second nature
        
        checklist
- - - - biology v enviroment
      - distal
      - doesnt mean sickness
      - biosocial combo
        
        different role in AL/LCP offenders
    - - free will
        
        reilgion/morals/ wiegh up choices
      - determinisim
        
        outside force
    - - proximate
    - - biological sickness
      - medical model
      - must be cured
      - mad/bad
      - criminality can be viewed as normal , as most human behaviour is learned
    - - crime is a product of causes
      - product of biosocial factors
      - distinct features of offender, may have disorder
      - motivation and behaviour
      - individual and enviroment
  - - - human nature
    - - hereditary
    - - neurology
      - brain
    - - conditioning
      - development
    - - modelling
      - based on behaviorism but emphasis on cognition.
    - - personalities collection of traits
    - - situation/motivation
    - - cognition
      - right /wrong
    - - id, unconsciousness and consciousness
- - - - creates genes
      - duble helix
    - - basic units of hereditary
    - - packages of genes
    - - full set of chromosomes
      - full set of genetic instruction
      - found in every cell of body
  - - - 60% of genes create billions of proteins used to create brain
    - - mix of many genes
    - - biology + psychology inheritance
      - all behaviour has a biochemical correlate with the brain
  - - - co effient
    - - mz100% vs dz 50 % twins
      - greater heritability for property crime
      - stronger heritability for adult crime
        
        full growth of brain
        
        low social factors
      - genetics in heritability of crime of .3 - .5
      - environment in heritability of crime .5 - .7
      - crime runs in family. parents provide genes and environment
        
        meta anaylis 50/50 genetic/ enviro
      - coviction rate of mz twins genes plays role n crime
      - adoption studies
        
        biology predisposition and environment increased criminality
      - antisocial behaviour
        
        bio parents that are antisocial
        
        adolesent agression
        
        conduct disorder
        
        adult antisocial
      - GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR CRIMINAL DISPOSITION REMAIN DORMANT UNLESS THEY ARE ACTIVATED BY A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION.
    - - seed planted in barron/ fertil soil
      - tallness, polution, excercise , diet
- - - - environment
      - behaviour
  - - - pavlov/ watson
        
        blank sheet
      - stimuli
      - involuntary reaction
      - pavlov : dog
        
        neutral stimuli (bell)
        
        unconditioned stimuli (food)
        
        unconditioned responce
        
        conditioned response
        
        conditioned stimuli (bell)
      - little albert negative association
      - key learning process
        
        elicit stimulation
        
        generalisation
        
        discrimination
        
        extinction
        
        spontaneous implication
      - treatent
        
        aversion therapy
        
        desentization
        
        stimuli control
      - ANS
      - RESPONCE
    - - skinner
        
        biology/ evolution
        
        what is rewarding and punishing
        
        biology is capacity, dependant on enviroment
        
        cant change genes, can change environment and behaviour
        
        identify conditions that promote behaviour
      - reinforcement and punishment
        
        cognition
        
        stimuli before or after responce
      - strengthen or weaken voluntary reaction
      - punishment, negative, positive
        
        extinction
      - reinforcement, negative, positive
        
        scheduled reinforcement
        
        fixed ratio
        
        variable ratio
        
        fixed interval
        
        variable interval
        
        shaping
      - INSTRUMENTAL/ACHIEVE GOAL
    - - quick rewards
      - slow punishment
      - lack of certaintity
      - strength of punishment ineffective
  - - - environment+person+behaviour
      - cognition
      - reciprocal determinism
    - - attend to model
      - retain info
      - encode info
      - motivation
    - - social status and rewards
    - - most cited theory
      - three main sources
        
        family
        
        subculture
        
        symbolism
- - - - learning theories
        
        expectancies
        
        modelling
        
        stimuli
    - - social theories
        
        obedience
        
        defiance/compliance
        
        conformity
        
        lucifer effect
        
        deindividualisation
        
        Two levels
        
        Public self-awareness: reduced concern with other’s censure (anonymity)
        
        Private self-awareness: reduce monitoring of personal values (‘submerged identity’)
        
        Increases with level of arousal (e.g., lynch mob)
        
        Reduced self-awareness most commonly produced by group membership
    - - territory
      - crowding
        
        inside
        
        outside
      - climate
      - frustration
        
        frustration aggression hypothesis
      - environmental theory
    - - setting for behaviour
      - spatial/temporal
      - location
      - point of time
      - state of affair
        
        funeral
        
        wedding
      - LEVELS
        
        macro
        
        whole city
        
        country
        
        state
        
        meso
        
        suburb of city
        
        streets
        
        micro
        
        house
        
        shops
        
        lights
        
        CPTED
      - PRECIPITATING / FACILITATIVE
        
        induce behaviour
        
        facilitate , encourage behaviour that is motivated
        
        precep encourages behaviour without motivation
      - root cause
  - - - Criminal behaviour is purposive
      - Offenders are active decision-makers who carry out a cost-benefit analysis of potential criminal acts
      - Crime created by opportunities – when benefits outweigh costs
      - Opportunities may be created, sought out or taken as they occur
    - - hotspots
        
        temporal
        
        spatial
      - clusters
      - distance travelled
      - patterns
      - Opportunities may be created, sought out or taken as they occur
      - Criminal decision-making is crime specific
    - - situation x person
        
        psych, environment
        
        criminology, opportunity
        
        psych, social
        
        different response from different individuals in different situations
        
        antisocial predator
        
        criminal disposition
        
        plan
        
        motivated
        
        manipulate situation
        
        specialise
        
        versatile
        
        skill
        
        experience
        
        knowledge
        
        situation
        
        make opportunity
        
        seek opurtunity
        
        mundane
        
        flexible
        
        oppurtunistic
        
        low level crime
        
        impulsive
        
        less plan
        
        neutralise
        
        situation
        
        temptation seized
        
        opportunity takers
        
        provoked offender
        
        reaction
        
        out of character
        
        lack self control
        
        precipitating events
        
        impulsive
        
        situation
        
        react
        
        reason to offend
      - Rational choice (Cornish & Clarke; James Q Wilson)
        
        Criminal behaviour is purposive
        
        Offenders are active decision-makers who carry out a cost-benefit analysis of potential criminal acts
        
        Crime created by opportunities – when benefits outweigh costs
        
        micro level theory
        
        effort, risk, rewards
      - RAT
        
        macro level theory
      - CRIME PATTERN THEORY
        
        meso level theory
        
        nodes
        
        places
        
        hotspots
        
        paths
        
        routes
        
        offenders wont travel far
- - - - 100BILLION IN THE BRAIN
      - born with all neurons
      - components
        
        soma
        
        body
        
        dentries
        
        receive message
        
        axon
        
        terminal buttons
        
        locationof transmission
    - - main structures
        
        hindbrain
        
        mid brain
        
        forebrain
        
        executive functions
        
        learning , memory, emotion, relay info, endocrine system
        
        Cerebral cortex
        
        80% of brain mass
        
        two hemispheres
        
        left
        
        language
        
        logical reasoning
        
        right
        
        music
        
        facial recognition
        
        four lobes
        
        frontal
        
        thinking,
        
        reasoning
        
        problem solve
        
        speech
        
        emotion
        
        social skills
        
        personality
        
        motor skills
        
        parietal
        
        temporal
        
        occipital
  - - - brain
      - command center
      - spinal cord
    - - rest of the body
      - somatic nervous system
        
        voluntary control of skeletal muscle
      - autonomic nervous system
        
        parasympathetic nervous system
        
        rest and digest
        
        sympathetic
        
        fight and flight response
  - - - connection between / learning
      - 75 types
      - different process
    - - produced by endocrine system
      - delivered through blood
      - chemically similar neurotransmitter
      - activating / temporary, organisation/ permanent
      - sex hormone interest of criminologist
  - - - low arousal
    - - dopamine
        
        high levels incresed agression
        
        low levels self rewarding behaviour / drugs
        
        MID LEVEL GOOD
      - serotonin
        
        regulate mood
        
        low level antisocial
        
        anti anxiety drug
        
        HIGH LEVELS GOOD
    - - neuropsychological damage
        
        frontal lobe
        
        hemispheric
    - - pregnancy
      - diet
      - toxins
      - head injury
      - drugs and alcohol
    - - sub optimal theory
        
        low levels of serotonin and dopamine
        
        bored
        
        greater pain, stress , fear tolerence
      - reward dominance theory
        
        BAS
        
        reward cues
        
        BIS
        
        punishment cues
        
        high BAS inoffenders
        
        neurotransmitter
        
        frontal lobe
      - seizure theory :
      - frontal lobe theory :
        
        damage to frontal lobe
      - hemispheric functioning theory
        
        left hemisphere problem in understanding
        
        right hemisphere aggression impulsiveness, sexual arousal, attention deficit
    - - psychophysiological
      - biochemical
      - neuroanatomical
      - neuro environmental
- - - - increase reproduction
    - - organisms are like parents
      - reproduction is key of life
    - - over generations , natural selection builds better organsm that can adapt to enviroment
        
        adaptations
        
        problems/effect on reproduction
        
        food, mating, birth, fighting predators
        
        EEA environment of evolutionary development
        
        can be out of date
        
        by product
        
        dont serve purpose, linked to something that does , belly button
        
        noise
        
        random effects that cause change
  - - - mindless need to reproduce
    - - behaviour
      - thought
  - - - HOMiCIDE
        
        agression
        
        deal with conflict
        
        natural selection
        
        honour and revenge
        
        kin conflict
        
        goes against natural selection/ altruism/ selfish gene
        
        examples in nature
        
        infantcide
        
        male on male
        
        find mate
        
        keep mate
        
        status
        
        more offspring
  - - - passed down
      - can mutate
        
        only genetic characteristics can mutate
        
        new genes
        
        random error
        
        some mutations are beneficial
        
        selfish genes
        
        organisms aid in replication of genes (not vice versa)
        
        help protect own genes
        
        organism is disposable survival machine for genes
        
        genes that favour replication will be kept by natural selection
        
        physical evolution through natural selection is overwhelming
        
        adaptations to physical and behavioral to ensure transfer
        
        BEHAVIOUR HAS AN EVOLUTIONARY AND GENETIC BASE
      - replication process not blending process
    - - 1960 evolution applied to psychology
      - sociobiology
        
        survival of the fittest
        
        maximize gene pool
        
        2 selfish gene explanations
        
        social aspects across species
        
        altruism
        
        greater kin relationship greater altruism
        
        reciprocal altruism
        
        other species , organisms
        
        ensure survival
        
        game theory
        
        base for huma society
        
        base of law
        
        crime is not altruistic
        
        kin selection
        
        paternalism
        
        r strategy
        
        quantity
        
        CAD
        
        1 more item...
        
        more competitive
        
        less investment
        
        k strategy
        
        quality
        
        dad
        
        more choosy of mate
        
        more investment
- - - - a code of conduct establish ing right and wrong
      - influenced by law , religion. philosophy,conscience
    - - unable to tell right wrong, unable to feel others
      - reasoning determined by cognition structure
        
        pre conventional
        
        the rules are external rather than internal
        
        avoid punishment imposed by authority figures
        
        perception of self dominates
        
        conventional
        
        internalised many of society’s rules
        
        obeys rules made by others
        
        perspective of others recognised
        
        post conventional
        
        differentiation between self and the rules of society
        
        the individual defines own values using self-chosen but universal moral principles
        
        some laws violate basic moral principles
        
        perspectives of all individuals are important
      - six stages
        
        pre
        
        avoid punishment
        
        conventional
        
        internal
        
        follow laws
        
        post
        
        social contract
    - - promoting moral development
        
        Social experiences and interactions to facilitate social perspective taking
        
        Exposure to arguments at the higher stage and conflicting arguments
        
        Exposure to cognitive moral conflict to create cognitive disequilibrium
      - factors influencing moral development
        
        Peers
        
        Correlated with peer popularity, club membership, leadership roles
        
        Family
        
        Correlated with levels of family cohesion, attachment to parents, parental warmth
        
        Discipline
        
        Negatively correlated with lax, inconsistent and harsh discipline
        
        Correlated with inductive discipline (explain reasons)
      - moral development and crime
        
        delinquency in pre conventional stage
        
        crime lowers through progression
      - justification for offending
        
        punishment can be avoided
        
        rewards outweigh risks
        
        it maintains relationship
        
        interest of society
        
        maintain human rights
  - - - Established in infancy but impact relationships later in life
      - About reliability of others
      - About own self-worth
      - Long-term effects on interpersonal behaviour and ability form close bonds
      - Behavioural problems
      - Sociability
      - Tolerance to frustration
      - Adult relationships
      - Crime
      - crime
        
        Higher levels of insecure attachment among offenders
        
        Child sex offenders
        
        Violence
        
        Intimate partner violence
        
        Stalking
    - - Strong, enduring affectional bond
      - Establish attachment patterns in infancy through infant-caregiver relationship
      - Bonds develop from interaction child and caregiver in early years of life
    - - Secure
        
        may cry upon leaving but welcome upon returning
      - Avoidant
        
        not cry when leave; avoids when returns
      - Ambivalent/anxious
        
        upset when leave; resists when returns
      - Disorganised
        
        reacts in contradictory or unpredictable ways
  - - - genetics .3 - .5
      - environment .5 - .7
        
        shared
        
        non shared
        
        more variance
    - - passive
        
        same genes same enviroment
      - reaction
        
        different genes different environment
      - active
        
        change enviroment
    - - family
        
        what happens in family more important than structure
      - child maltreatment
        
        abuse neglect
      - parental discipline style
        
        permissive / laid back
        
        authoritarian, punish set rules
        
        authoritative, fair firm
        
        correlation between crime and parenting style
        
        corporal punishment
        
        increased delinquincy
        
        increased aggression
        
        poor relationships
        
        antisocial
        
        lowered morality
      - schooling
        
        atachment
        
        self image
        
        education
        
        poor increased crime
      - PEERS
      - marriage
- - - - crime scene anaylis
      - types
        
        clinical
        
        fbi
        
        organised
        
        disorganised
        
        art not science
        
        motivation
        
        geographical
        
        travel
        
        residence work
        
        stats
      - serial offences
    - - prediction
        
        clinical judgement
        
        actuarial/checklist
        
        ethical concerns
        
        LSI R
        
        history
        
        education
        
        drug use
        
        static factors
        
        Gender
        
        Previous offending
        
        Childhood abuse
        
        Age of first offence
        
        dynamic factors
        
        Accommodation
        
        Employment
        
        Attitudes
        
        Education
        
        criminogenic needs
        
        risk management
        
        theraputic
        
        situation
        
        BASE RATES
        
        Need to consider base rates when attempting to make predictions
        
        Prediction varies according to how frequent the behaviour
        
        The lower the base rate, the more difficult to predict true positives
        
        dangerousness
        
        not good prediction
        
        mental hospital baxtrom 80% false potive
        
        delinquent juvenile
        
        improve ,look at situation not just person
      - reduce risk not just predict
        
        responsivity
        
        tailored strengths
        
        needs
        
        focus on factors that increase crime
        
        risks
        
        more risk more intevention
  - - - mental disorder
      - fry decision
    - - profile
      - interegation
        
        polygraph
        
        question tests
- - - - prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs
    - - Secondary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred
    - - Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects.
  - - - police
      - courts
      - corrections
      - aims
        
        deternece
        
        incapaciation
        
        prisonersitation
        
        criminalisation
        
        type of prisoner
        
        heavies
        
        moderates
        
        heavies
        
        delinquents
        
        undersocialized
        
        withdrawn
        
        socialised
        
        ADD
        
        psych effects of
        
        crowding
        
        isolation
        
        retribtution
        
        rehabilitation
        
        biological
        
        evolution
        
        young men
        
        married have kids
        
        other
        
        hormones
        
        head injury :
        
        drug treatment
        
        neuro dysfunctio
        
        behaviour
        
        unlearn
        
        cbt
        
        cognition
        
        psychoanalytic
    - - early intervention
    - - building
    - - cpted
      - PEERR