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Chapter 25-26 (Origin of Life (Four Main Stages (Protocells formed from…

- - - - Mass extinction events affect on biodiversity
      - Origin of flight and other key adaptations
      - Terrestrial vertebrates appear because of speciation
  - - - Protocells eventually were able to replicate small strands of RNA
      - Ribozymes are RNA catalysts
  - - - Heated water and minerals in these vents form unstable organic compounds
    - - High PH and warm temp could have allowed life to originate
- - - - Radioactive parent isotope decays into a daughter isotope at a certain rate
      - Half-Life is the rate of decay and is the time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay
      - Different isotopes decay at different times
        
        Uranium-238's half life is 4.5 billion years
        
        Carbon-14's half life is 5,730 years
- - - - Group with an ancestor but not all of its descendants
    - - unrelated organisms from more than one ancestor
    - - all descendants from a common ancestor
- - - - Paedomorphosis
        
        Retain juvenile structures in ancestral species but being an adult (axolotl)
- - - - Using a pilus DNA is transferred
    - - Bacteriophage injects DNA into a bacterium
    - - uptake of DNA fragments by a bacteria
- - - - similarity due to shared ancestry
        
        bats
        
        whales
        
        humans
    - - Similarity due to convergent evolution
        
        flying squirrels
        
        sugar gliders
- - - - The continents are part of larger plates that float on the mantle
      - Over time the plates move and the continents drift
        
        Rearrange geography slowly
        
        Eventually alters the habitats in which organisms live
        
        Promotes allopatric speciation
    - - A Super continent made of all the continents
  - - - Permian
        
        96% of marine life died
        
        Extreme volcanism
        
        covered massive areas and affected the ocean
        
        acidification and temperature
      - Cretaceous
        
        Half of all marine species and alot of terrestrial families
        
        Multiple theories
        
        Meteroite hit earth
    - - Caused by human actions such as pollution and habitat destruction
    - - Adaptive Radiations
        
        After mass extinction events the species left adapt to fill in the ecological niches left behinf
        
        Worldwide AR
        
        After each mass extinction, the percentage of predator species rises
        
        increase in diversity
        
        diversification in land plants
        
        Regional AR
        
        Face little competition from other organisms
        
        Hawaii is a good example
        
        Many unique species only found in Hawaii
- - - - Linneaean System
        
        Grouped by Taxa
        
        Classes
        
        Phyla
        
        Orders
        
        Kingdoms
        
        Families
        
        Domains
        
        Big to Small everything is grouped by related genera
- - - - Homologous genes found in different species
        
        Is a result of Speciation
      - distant species have alot of orthologous genes
        
        Genes are versatile and have multiple functions
        
        This can be seen by the small variations in the gene #'s
    - - Gene duplication causes homologous genes within a species
      - Genes can diverge and take on a new function
- - - - Prokaryote Fossils, Oldest known rocks, Oxygen increases
      - 2.4-.7 billion years ago oxygen in atmosphere increased by 9%
      - Stromatolites from 3.5 billion years ago formed when prokaryotes form a thin film of rock, earliest evidence of life
    - - Eukaryote Fossils appear, diverse algae and soft bodied invertebrate appear
      - 1.8 billion years, eukaryotic organisms emerged through endosymbiosis, prokaryotic cell "ate" smaller cells and coexisted
    - - Origin of Earth
    - - Mesozoic
        
        Age of Reptiles
      - Cenozoic
        
        Age of Mammals
        
        Humans originated 195,000 years ago, a blip on the geologic record
      - Paleozoic
        
        Age of Fish
        
        Cambrian Explosion
        
        Present Day Animal Phyla appear 535-525 mya, cnidarians and molluscs
        
        Led to new types of organisms, predators and prey adapted new characteristics like heavy body armor and claws
        
        Colonization of Land 500 mya by fungi plants and animals
        
        Tetrapods 365mya
        
        Arthropods 450mya first animals to colonize land
- - - - shared characteristics of life
      - diversity of life
      - organisms are suited for their environments
    - - Structures that had a set function but over time adapted to a new different function
    - - Evolution is the result of interactions between organisms and their current environments