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Cardiovascular system - Cristina Medina P.2 (Disorders (Varicose veins …
Cardiovascular system - Cristina Medina P.2
Disorders
Varicose veins -dilated and painful veins due to incompetent
(leaky) valves
Edema - abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid
Asystole - Situation in which the heart fails to contract
Cor pulmonale - right-sided heart failure resulting from elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) - The heart pumps strongly but doesn’t relax well during diastole when the heart is filling
Myocarditis - Inflammation of the cardiac muscle layer (myocardium) of the heart
Heart palpitation - heartbeat that is unusually strong, fast, or irregular
Major Veins
carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated except for
pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
superior vena cava
returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm
inferior vena cava
returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm
coronary sinus
collects blood draining from the myocardium
pulmonary veins
transport blood from the lungs back to the heart
ECG
(Electrocardiogram) is a medical test that detects heart problems by measuring the electrical activity generated by a contracting heart
The heart
in the mediastinum; the base points toward the right shoulder and the apex points towards the left hip
has fur chambers: the two superior atria and two inferior ventricles; the interventricular septum divides the ventricles and the interatrial septum separates the atria
atria are receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the circulation
The ventricles are the discharging chambers, the actual pumps of the heart
Valves
enforce one-way traffic; they open and close in response to differences in blood pressure on their two sides
atrioventricular
prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract
tricuspid valve (right)
mitral valve (left)
Semilunar
guard the bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles; prevent backflow into the associated ventricles
aortic
Pulmonary
Blood flow
The right side of the heart
receives oxygen-poor blood and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary circuit
the right atrium receives blood returning from the systemic circuit
the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit
The left side of the heart
the left atrium receives blood returning from the pulmonary circuit
the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circuit
receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body through the systemic circuit
Function
Transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body
Removes metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes)
Layers of the heart
Fibrous Pericardium
loosley fittinig superficial part of the sac
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
between the fibrous pericardium and the visceral pericardium; is an additional layer of insulation for the heart
Pericardial cavity
between the parietal and visceral layers; it contains a film of serous fluid
Epicardium
the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Myocardium
composed mainly of cardiac muscle and forms the bulk of the heart; this layer contracts
Endocardium
the third layer of the heart; glistening white sheet of endothelium resting on a thin connective tissue layer
Cardiac Cycle
sequence of events that occur when the heart beats; 2 phases of the cycle
Diastole phase
the heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood
Systole phase
the heart ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart and into the arteries
Blood Vessles
arteries and veins
Tunica intima
Innermost layer that is in “intimate” contact with blood;
Tunica externa
Outermost layer of wall; Composed mostly of loose collagen fibers that protect and reinforce wall and
anchor it to surrounding structures
Tunica media
Middle layer composed mostly of smooth muscle and sheets of elastin; Bulkiest layer responsible for maintaining blood flow and blood pressure
delivery system of dynamic structures that begins
and ends at heart
capillaries
direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular
needs
Endothelium
simple squamous epithelium that lines lumen of all vessels
Major Arteries
carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for
pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
Elastic Arteries
thick-walled with large, low-resistance lumen; Act as pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil as blood is
ejected from heart and Allows for continuous blood flow downstream even between heartbeats
Arterioles
smallest of all arteries; called resistance arteries because changing diameters change
resistance to blood flow
Muscular Arteries
known as distributing arteries because they deliver blood to
body organs; Have thickest tunica media with more smooth muscle, but less
elastic tissue