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Body's Defenses (Nonspecific Resistance (First Line of Defense (Mucous…

- - - - Many cell layers
        
        Tightly packed
      - Sebum
      - Defensins
      - Lysozyme
    - - Mucus
        
        Trap microbes
        
        Digestive & Respiratory Tracts
      - Nasal Hairs
        
        Trap and filter
      - Ciliary Escalator
        
        Respiratory tract
        
        Moves trapped microbes up from lungs
      - Gastric Juices
        
        Low pH
        
        Digestive enzymes
      - Vaginal & Urethral Acidity
    - - Consumption of nutrients
      - Overall health
        
        Vitamins
      - Unfavorable environment
  - - - Cells suspended in plasma
      - Plasma
        
        Whole blood minus cells
        
        Made of
        
        Water
        
        Electrolytes
        
        Proteins
        
        Nutrients
        
        Dissolved gases
        
        Antibodies
        
        Formed Elements
        
        Erythrocyte
        
        Carry Oxygen & CO2
        
        Platelets
        
        Blood clotting
        
        Inflammation
        
        Leukocytes
        
        Defend against invaders
        
        Granulocytes
        
        Basophil
        
        Inflammation
        
        Innate immunity
        
        Neutrophil
        
        Innate immunity
        
        Phagocytize
        
        Can do diapedsis
        
        Eosinphil
        
        Phagocytize
        
        Innate immunity
        
        Can do diapedisis
        
        Agranulocytes
        
        Monocyte
        
        Leave blood to mature
        
        Devour foreign objects
        
        Macrophages
        
        Lymhocyte
        
        Adaptive immunity
        
        Natural killer lymphocytes
        
        1 more item...
        
        T Cells & B Cells
    - - Redness
      - Chronic
        
        Long lasting, harmful
      - Acute
        
        Generally beneficial
        
        Quick, short lived
        
        Important for second line defense
      - Heat
      - Swelling
      - Pain
    - - Pyrogens trigger hypothalamus
        
        Bacterial toxins
        
        Antibody-antigen complexes
        
        Increase core temp
        
        Outcomes
        
        Enhance interferons
        
        Inhibits some microbes growth
        
        May enhance activity of phagocytes
      - Body temp over 37 C
- - - - T Cells
        
        Made in red bone marrow
        
        Circulate in Lymph & Blood
        
        Migrate to:
        
        Spleen
        
        Nodes
        
        Peyer's patches
        
        Helper
        
        Regulate B Cells and Cytotoxic
        
        Type 1 & 2 helper
        
        Cytotoxic
        
        Directly kill other cells
        
        Regulatory
        
        Repress adaptive immune response
        
        Colonal Deletion
        
        Fate of Immature Cells
        
        Regulatory T Cell
        
        "self recognizing" T cells
        
        Apoptosis
        
        Don't recognize MHC
        
        Recognize MCH and auto antigen
        
        Protective T Cell
        
        Recognize MHC + foreign antigens
        
        Occurs in thymus
        
        Recognize MHC
        
        Cant recognize autoantigens
        
        Mature in thymus
      - B Cells
        
        From red bone marrow
        
        Found in
        
        Spleen
        
        Lymph nodes
        
        Mucosa associated lymph node tissue
        
        Secretion of ANTIBODIES
        
        Antibodies (AB)
        
        Secreted by activated B cells plasma cells
        
        Same antigen binding site as BCR
        
        Similar to BCRs
        
        Modes of Action
        
        Opsonization
        
        Stimulate phagocytosis : neutrophils & macrophages
        
        Agglutinate
        
        Cross-linking them, cause clumping & precipitation
        
        Neutralization
        
        Block effects of toxins from antigen
        
        Prevent attachment to body cells
        
        Killing by oxidation
        
        Catalyze production of H2O2, ozone that directly kill bacteria
        
        Complement activation
        
        MAC creates holes
        
        Against microbes
        
        ADCC
        
        NK lymphocytes attach to AB that have attached antigens
        
        NK secrete perforin & granzymes to kill bacteria
        
        Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
        
        Circulate in blood (small percentage)
        
        B Cell Receptor
        
        Recognize only one epitope
        
        Two variable regions form the antigen binding sites
        
        Made from a B cell
        
        Each B cell has many exact copies of BCR
        
        Produced randomly