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5 Ways of Classifying Research (Time Dimension of Research (Longitudinal…
5 Ways of Classifying Research
Time Dimension of Research
Longitudinal
Cohort Studies
Just like a panel study, but the individuals share a common experience
Panel studies
Follow the same people/groups/organizations over multiple time periods
Trend studies
Examine changes within some general population over time
Cross-Sectional
Observing a single point in time (a cross-section)
Generalizability can also be an issue
Unit of Analysis
Aggregate
Groups of units
The what or whom being studied in a research process
Methods of Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Moves from the specific to the general
Deductive Reasoning - Moves from the general to the specific
Purposes of Research
Nature of Data
Qualitative Data
Non-numerical. Comes from field research and case studies.
Quantitative Data
Numerical. Research requires carefully designed studies
Explanatory
Find a cause. Answer the question why
Following exploration, we want to know the problem's frequency/prevalence/degree/scope
Exploratory
Asks the question what
Explore the nature of a problem or policy
Descriptive
Describes the scope of a problem. Answers who, where, when, and how.
Why have we seen a certain change in scope?
2 Fallacies
Ecological Fallacy
Making assertions about individuals based on the examination of groups
Reductionism
Using anecdotal evidence to predict how a group might behave