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Mulberry Disasters (Question: How did existing materials historically…

- - - - Existing methodologies of using historical climate records
        
        Phenology
        
        Evidence
        
        There is no scientific evidence to the question whether extreme climatic events can or cannot be induced by global warming or cooling. (U.S. Temperature chart) Detecting trends require a long time uninterrupted observation rather than one or two extreme cases reflected by phenology.
        
        Grading method
        
        The severity of descriptions can be for one thing subjective and for another adaptive due to for instance technological improvement. Just as Nicola di Cosmo argued: "Climate and environmental conditions fluctuate continuously and humans are subject to a constant process of adaptation, especially in an ecology as vulnerable and sensitive to climatic variability as mobile pastoralism.”
        
        Evidence
        
        Adaptability: the pruning of mulberry trees.
        
        Subjectivity: It can be problematic to use the single cases or the cold and warm events as the benchmarks to determine whether the universal weather was colder or warmer: mankind’s perception of climate change can be subjective and relative, people getting used to the warm weather may feel strongly towards the normal cold weather;
        
        Frequency statistic
        
        Frequency is related to political practices, which either served a political purpose or impacted by political policies, bureaucratic rulings or imperial attitudes, thus was uneven across periods.
        
        Evidence: Yuan's boom and performance of mori-sericulture disasters
        
        Bureaucratic Rulings: the disaster reporting rhythms were not consistent throughout all dynastic periods, were operated on different scales and varied in their systematics. As Yves Citton suggested "changing attention ecologies". Not only does attention guide capital, but also made history.
        
        Policy Distinction: the comparison between Song's obligation to "know" and Ming's "delegation" to local, Yuan's policy to compensate for sericulture loss. Ming and Qing officials and literati barely draw their data of mori-sericulture disasters as no compensation would be expected anymore.
        
        Synchronic Spatial Distinction: The mulberry disasters distributed mainly in the Huanghuaihai region(Fig. 9,10). The Yuan states focused disaster observation on the Northern regions not only when it came to sericulture. 88% of the locust disaster reports of the Yuan are on the North, too. Regions were also differently documented. The Dynastic History of the Yuan (Yuan shi 元史) describes the North in general in much more detail. As well as the linkages each region had to the center was different too.
        
        Diachronic Temporal Distinction: Within one book, the chronology of mulberry disasters usually begin with earlier periods: some books only have the Ming, Qing records, for example, the Huzhou Fu Zhi(湖州府志); As for those with a long history, for example, the Zouping Xianzhi（邹平县志）, it starts from the Western Jin, and then jumps to the Guangxu and Xuantong of Qing, with a 1600 years' gap in the middle. The similar pattern can be observed in the adjacent areas.(Tab.1)
        
        Ruling Capacity Distinction: disasters boomed during the "good" emperors' reign.(Fig. 7)
        
        Causation's Spatial and Temporal Distinction:The causation of mulberry disasters are chronologically(Fig. 3, 4) and regionally(Fig. 8) distinguished, as well as its occurring month(Fig. 6), which may be related to malpractice and fraud.
        
        Listings?
        
        Politically Purposes: Disaster recording in dynastic China served primarily a political purpose: a moral son of heaven and a well ordered sociopolitical system were always able to interpret the signs of heaven. Or Hsu Cho-yun's framework in 2000. The comparison between Song and Yuan. And Ming's intention to highlight the deficiencies of Yuan rule.
        
        Imperial Attitudes: Song states thought of weather in relation to grain and rice, but less so when considering silk that was mostly privately produced and then also regionally varied as the Song imperial state skimmed the market and taxed end products. In comparison, the Yuan owned and operated silk manufacturing and exerted a strict control on sericulture and taxed silk widely, which contributes to the difference in figures.
        
        Structural fault
        
        Missing the blank spots.
    - - History has influenced scientific development in substantial ways, so as to consider what the development is.
      - Climate is likely historically defined by abnormal weather situations more than the normal given. The making of weather data is a history of science that critically engages with epistemic practices.
      - Textual records and digital methods are capable of delivering more than quantities.
      - The case of the Local Gazetteers shows how such ecologies turn into ontologies of visibility – or we may even say they show how important it is to see the social and political implications that give such epistemologies (of how one knows) an ontological dimension (that one is).