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Making Sense of Environment (6B) (Attention (selective (shadowing task,…
Making Sense of Environment (6B)
Attention
divided
autonomic processing
controlled processing
selective
shadowing task, headphones
Attenuation Theory
Deutsch and Deutsch late Selection Theory
Broadbent's Early Selection Theory
exogenous vs. endogenous cues
priming
resource model of attention
spotlight model of attention
Cognition
biological factors
genetic components
chemical exposure
organic brain disorders
head trauma
cognitive development
Piaget
1-2: sensorimotor stage
end: object permanence
representational thought
circular reactions
primary
secondary
2-7: preoperational stage
symbolic thinking
geocentricism
centration
explanations of learning
adaptation
assimilation
same schema
accomodation
change or create
schema
7-11: concrete operational stage
understand conservation (no more centration)
logical concrete thinking
perspectives of others
>11: formal operational stage
logically thinking about abstract ideas
Vygotsky
cultural absporption drives development
Late Adulthood
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
information processing model
situational modification
analysis in brain for decisions
sensation, encoding, storage of stem
cognitive level, context, complexity
problem solving
heuristics
availability heuristic
representatives heuristic
base rate (conjunction) fallacy
means-end-analysis
working backwards
biases
confirmation bias
overconfidence
belief perserverance
framing options
types
algorithms
deductive (top-down) reasoning
trial-and-error
inductive (bottom-up) reasoning
intuition
recognition-primed decision model
functional fixedness
emotion
impact on decisions
result of decisions
intellectual functioning
theories of intelligence
theory of general intelligence
spearman
primary mental abilities
multiple intelligences
triarchic theory of intelligence
variations
IQ
cattel-horn theory
crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
nature vs. nurture
fixed vs. growth mindsets
cognitive dissonance
denial
adding
trivialize
modify
Consciousness
Alertness
alpha waves (long)
beta waves (short)
reticular formation in brainstem
sleep
Stages
Stage 1 (N1), theta waves
Stage 2 (N2), theta waves and sleep spindles/k complex (x2)
Stage 3 (N3), Slow Wave Sleep (delta waves)
REM
Cycles
SWS earlier in night, REM later
circadian rythms
24 hours long
melatonin
serotonin derived, from pineal gland
cortisol
steroid, produced in adrenal cortex
CRF (ht), ACTH (anterior pitutary) stimulates release
dreaming
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
cognitive process theory
neurocognitive models
disorders
dyssomnias
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
obstructive
central
hypoventilation
insomnia
parasomnias
night terrors
sleep walking
deprivation
REM rebound
Consciousness Altering Drugs
GABA hyperpolarizes membrane (depressants)
alcohol
benzos
norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
ecstacy
aphetamines
cocaine
mesolimbic reward pathway
nucleus accumbens (NAc)
ventral tegmental area (VTA) (in midbrain)
dopamine production
medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
amygdala
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
behavioral effects
tolerance
receptor shut down
withdrawal
recallibrating after alterations of NT stim
others
opiods bind to receptors in peripheral and central nervous system
MJ and Hallucinogens
Memory
Encoding
semantic
visual
acoustic
strategies
mneumonics
peg-words
method of loci
maitenance rehearsal
self-reference effect
chunking/clustering
Storage
Short-term Memory
hippocampus
Working Memory
visuospatial sketchpad
phonological loop
executive function/episodic buffer
Sensory Memory
iconic
whole report vs. partial report
echoic
Long Term Memory
explicit
declarative
episodic
semantic
implicit
procedural
elaborative rehearsal
amnesia
anterograde
affects new LTMs
retrograde
affects old LTMs
Retrieval
recognition
relearning
recall
spacing effect
semantic network
spreading activation
priming
cognitive economy
retrieval cues
context effects
state-dependent effects
serial position (curve)
primacy
recency
Forgetting
disorders
Alzheimer's disease
neurofibrillary tangles, beta-amyloid plaques
abstract thinking/planning/semantic memory
Korsakoff's Syndrome
thiamine (B1)
Wernicke's encephalpothy
non progressive
poor balance
confabulation
agnosia
decay
interference
proactive
old interferes with new
reteroactive
new interferes with old
aging
prospective memory
older people better at
crystalized IQ
emotional reasoning
semantic memory (until 60)
younger people better at...
recall
divided attention
processing speed
new episodic memories
Changes in Synaptic connections
neuroplasticity
synaptic pruning
long term potentiation
memory construction
false memories
misinformation effect
source-monitoring error
Language
Development
stages
1-1.5: word/month
1.5-2: explosion & combination
0.75-1: babbling
2-3: longer sentences
5: relative mastery
theories
Learning (Behaviorist)
reinforcement by caregivers
Social Interactionist
child's drive to socialize
interplay of biology and social process
Nativist (Biological) Theory
innate LAD
critical/sensitive periods
Influence on Cognition
components of language
linguistic relativity (Whorfian) hypothesis
linguistic determinism
Brain
Wernicke's Area
LH, temporal lobe
language processing
receptive aphasia
arcuate fascsiculus
conduction aphasia
Broca's Area
LH, frontal lobe
speech-motor
expressive Aphasia