Cardiovascular System
Major Functions of CS
Anatomy of Heart
Blood Flow
To protect the body from infection and blood loss
To help the body maintain a constant body temperature (‘thermoregulation’)
To help maintain fluid balance within the body
To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body
Layer of the heart
Differences b/w blood vessel types
Atria-receiving chambers
Ventricles- discharging chambers
Heart valves
Right Ventricle-discharges blood to lungs
Left Ventricle-discharges blood to the rest of the body
Right atrium- receives blood from the rest of body
Left atrium-receives blood from lungs
Interventricular septum-wall separating the two ventricles
Semilunar valves
Atrioventricular valves
Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left)
Aortic semilunar valve
Tricuspid (right)
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Major veins and arteries
Myocardium
Endocardium
Epicardium
Outer connective tissue layer
Middle, thick muscle layer
Inner lining
Starts from inferior and superior vena cava
right atrium to tricuspid valve to right ventricle to pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk/artery to lung
Lungs back to the pulmonary vein to left ventricle to mitral/bicuspid valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta to the rest of the body
Intrinsic Factor
Cardiac Cycle and ECG
Vena cava (superior & inferior)-enters right atrium from upper and lower parts of body
Pulmonary veins(four)- enter left atrium from lungs
Aorta-leaves left ventricle to rest of body
Pulmonary trunk- leave right ventricle to lungs branch into pulmonary arteries
Arteries
Veins
Thickest layer(large tunica media); small lumen (space the inside blood vessel)
Carry low pressure blood
Blood moved by pumping action of the heart
Carry high blood pressure
Blood moved "milking" action of muscles to help move blood
Contain many minivalves to prevent backflow
Thinner tunica media; larger lumen
Elements of Intrinsic Conduction System
Sinoatrial (S-A) node
Internal control of heart rate
Ventricular Systole-blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts pushing out blood
Early diastole- atria finished refilling; ventricular pressure is low
Mid-to-late diastole- when blood flows into ventricles
Atrioventricular (A-V) node
Heart muscle cells contract w/o nerve impulses in a regular continuous way
SA node to AV node to AV bundle to bundle branches to Purkinje fibers to ventricular wall
"Pacemaker"
At junction b/w atria and ventricles
Disorders of CS
Murmur
Valve Stenosis
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Fibrillation
Angina Pectoris
Varicose Veins
Pericarditis
Inflammation of pericardium
crushing chest pain from lack of blood to heart
heart muscle cells die due to lack of blood to heart muscles (myocardium)
Abnormal or irregular heart sounds; can be caused by valve stenosis
defect in valves falling to open which makes heart pump hearder
Rapid uncoordinated shuddering of heart muscle which prevents heart from acting as a pump
Swollen and twisted veins caused by when valves in veins do not work and cause backflow or pooling of blood