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Cardiac Output (Heart Rate (Factors affecting heart rate (Parasympathetic…
Cardiac Output
Heart Rate
Number of beats per minute
HR=Cardiac output/stroke volume
Factors affecting heart rate
Parasympathetic Nervous Sytem
Dominates autonomic stimulation to slow heart rate.
Sympathestic Nervous System
Increases heart rate when stimulated by stress, anxiety, excitement, or exercise.
Age
Heart rate decreases with age.
Gender
Women typically have a slightly faster heart rate.
Exercise
Heart rate increases during activity but decreases overall through training.
Body Temperature
Heart rate increases as body temperature increases.
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
CO=Heart rate X stroke volume
Stroke Volume
Factors affecting stroke volume
Preload
The degree to which cardiac muscle cells are stretched just before they contract. The higher the preload, the higher the stroke volume.
Contractibility
The strength achieved at a given muscle length. Enhanced contractility means more blood is ejected from the heart and so end systolic volume is lower.
Afterload
The pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood. Afterload remains relatively constant in healthy individuals.
Volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per beat