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Growth adaptations: an organ is in homeostasis w/ stress (Dysplasia…
Growth adaptations: an organ is in homeostasis w/ stress
(+)stress
(+) organ size
hyperplasia (+ #)
production of new cells from stem cells
hyperplasia can lead to dysplasia and cancer
except BPH
ex, :warning:
endometrial
hyperplasia
hypertrophy (+ size)
organelle synthesis
gene actication and protein synthesis
Ex. left ventricle hypertophy
hypertrophy and hyperplasia usually occur together
uterus
except cardiac, skeletal muscle, and nerve (hypertrophy only)
(-) Stress
(-) organ size (atrophy)
etiology
(-) hormonal stimulation
disuse
(-) nutrient / blood supply
pathogenesis
(-) size
ubiquitin proteosome degradation process
autophagy of cellular compnents
(-) #
apoptosis
change stress
metaplasia
change of cell type due to reprogramming of stem cells
Ex. Barret esophagus
Etiology
acid reflex from stomach to lower portion of esophaus
Light microscope
nonkeretanized squamous cells change into non ciliated mucin secreting columnar cells
metaplastic cell is better able to handle the new stress
If persist = dyplasia and cancer
Ex. Barrett esophagus - adenocarcinoma
except apocrine metaplasia
myositis ossificans :warning:
connective tissue within muscle change into bone during repair a/f trauma
keratomalacia
pathogenesis
specialized squamous epithelial cells of the conjuctiva change into stratified epithelial cells
etiology
Vtt A deficiency
metaplasia is reversible (b/f developing cancer)
Dysplasia
disordered cellular growth
precancer
ex. CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
Arises from
pathologic heyperplasia
endometrial hyperplasia
pathologic metaplasia
Barrett esophagus
reversible
aplasia
failure of cell production during embryogenesis
e.g., unilateral kidney
hypoplasia
(-) cell production during embryogenesis
streak ovary of turner syndrom
