Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Terrorism (Suicide Terrorism (Difficulty to study (Merari (2010),…

- - - - 1970s - mental illness, psychopathological disorder
      - Psychopathic & paranoid personality disorders
      - Nazi leaders - violent, power-hungry personalities, no human feelings
        
        Nothing unusual, stable & healthy personalities
        
        FAE - overestimate internal, underestimate external factors
      - Not psychologically adnormal
      - Healthier/more stable than other sriminals
      - Psychological disorders > exception not rule
      - lack of discipline, rationality, self control, mental stamina
      - Fringe members, not central characters
      - Silke (2008)
        
        Possess many traits of pathological personalities NOT actual disorders
    - - Lack of ed. predicts property crime
      - Terrorists potentially want more educated people?
      - Good ed. achievement > reduced likelihood of criminal offending
      - Ed way to eliminate terrorism
      - Krueger & Maleckova (2002)
        
        Ed = unrelated/positively created to participation/support in terrorism
        
        Support for violent attacks does not decrease in high ed/living
        
        Living standard above poverty/secondary school or higher ed = positively associated with participation
        
        Attackers = high paying occupations
      - 60% had higher/further-education
    - - Hope fighting against poverty = answer to terror
      - Poverty predicts property crimes
      - Sageman (2004)
        
        73% upper/middle class
        
        27% working class/poor
        
        Professional occ/semi-skilled employment
      - No clear link - poverty + menbership
      - Terrorists motivated by political cause, no economic factors
      - Affects the way they perceive the enviro. and their behaviours
    - - Getting married and settling down = sig factor in explaining desistance from crime > quality of bond matters
      - Marriage > decline in time spent with friends > reduced explore t delinquent peers
      - Sageman (2014)
        
        73% married
        
        Most had children
        
        Wives share strong ideological beliefs supporting jihadism
      - High levels of marriage among jihads
    - - No scientific evidence of genetic role
      - Flawed biological approaches
      - Age & gender > correlation with most terrorist recruits
      - Young male
        
        Dangerous & high risk activities
        
        Violent crime perpetrators
        
        64-90% in 5 countries
        
        Male to female ratio: 2:1 to 4:1
        
        Impulsivity, confidence, risk taking, need for status
        
        5 women out of 242
    - - Sense of who they are = based on group membership
      - Support & share aims, grievance and ambitions of terrorist group
      - Islamic identity > national/ethnic identity = more positive views on jihad, martyrdom - role of religion, group loyalties
      - Group - part of self-concept > superior in-group
      - Strong identification > strong reaction to perceived threat
      - Threat to group = threat to self
      - US & Western cultures - threat to Arab & Islamic cultures
      - Western materialism <-> Islamic spiritualism
      - Violent acts to reaffirm group identity
    - - Global Salafi jihad - strategic religious agenda
      - -> Recreating past Muslim glory in great Islamic State
        -> Defeat Western powers preventing establishment of State
      - Sageman (2004)
        
        18% religious school
        
        45% religiously devout
        
        8% Christian, converted
        
        99% very religious prior to joining
        -> companionship
      - Rogers et al (2009)
        
        Religion = not single or simple causal factor
        
        Social elements - eg.g social identity, group leadership
        
        Elements often feature in associated belief system
    - - Group phenomenon
      - Network of friends or relative
      - Risky shift phenomenon > adopt beliefs & faith of more extreme members of the group
      - Sageman (2004) & Bakker (2006)
        
        Isolation from older friends
        
        Dependence & group loyalty
        
        More importance on religious faith
        
        Polarisation, increased sense of group identity, commitment
        -> Radicalisation
  - - - Social/political, family, economic, peers, life experiences
      - Unchangeable + family, work, religion, society, culture + important direction/ motivation
    - - Terrorist movement, political context
      - External social context + political expression or ideology + organisational expression of those
    - - Personal response, disaffection, actual marginal violence, changes in environment
      - Psychological/environmental context + emotional state + immediate experiences
- - - - 1959-2011
      - Gaining independence for the Greater Basque Country
      - Basque - started as these ideas + changed into military school
      - Bombings, assassinations and kidnappings
      - 829 dead, thousands injure, dozens kidnapped
    - - 1969-2005
      - Remove NI From UK - independent republic encompassing all of Ireland
      - 3700 dead, tens of thousands injured
      - Split > Continuity IRA (1986), Real IRA (1997)
    - - 1970-1998
      - Protesting fascist-leaning + oppressive, middle class, bourgeois value of West Germany
      - Bombings, assassinations, bank robberies, kidnappings
      - 34 dead, many injured
    - - 1970-1988
      - Forcing Italy to leave the NATO alliance
      - Assassinations, kidnappings, robberies, murders
      - Kidnap and murder of Aldo Moro Christian democrat prime minister
      - 86 dead, 14000 acts of violence
    - - 1988-present
      - Founded by Osama Bin Laden
      - Network - Islamic extremists & Salafist jihadists
      - Attacks on civilian & military targets in various countires
      - 9/11 > war on terror
      - Break from foreign influences in Muslim countries, creation of new caliphate ruling over Muslim world
  - - - Small, revolution based
      - Over throw a political or social regime
      - Alienation from families and communities
    - - Large, highly structured
      - Claim to represent interest of community
      - No alienation from families/communities
    - - Sageman (2004)
        
        172 members - extremist Islamic organisations
        
        Open source data
        
        Profile description, prices of recruitment
      - Bakker (2006)
        
        Replication
        
        242 jihadis active in Europe
        
        Open source data
    - - Not one terrorist mindset
      - Need to belong + group dynamics = ideology
      - Reactive retaliation = opposite
      - Effective = less attractive, facilitates leaving, reduces external support