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REALISM (Left realism (Overview (Developed as a critique of New…

- - - - Marginalisation - people recognise they have problems, those in power don't do anything
        
        Relative Deprivation - may not be poor but feel relatively deprived, development of deviant behaviour
- - - - Reject poverty and crime
      - :silhouette: Bennis and Erdos - low level of criminality when both unemployment and poverty were high during 1930s during the depression
    - - Decline in 'civility' and respect for authority in communities (anomie and cultural disorganisation)
      - "fatherless families" led to increased crime rate
      - Decline in "family values"
    - - New Right argue that people choose to be deviant and crime is not a universal action
      - Not always committed for the same reason
      - Less likely to break law if there if target hardening
  - - - :silhouette: Wilson and Herrnstein (1985) - biosocial theory of crime - a combination of biological and social factors
      - Biological difference make some more predisposed to crime
      - :silhouette: Herrnstein and Murray (1994) - argue the main cause of crime is low intelligence which they see as being biologically determined
    - - Effective socialisation reduced the risk of offending
      - :silhouette: Murray (1990) - crime is rising due to the growth of an underclass who are defined by their deviant behaviour and fail to socialise their children properly
      - Underclass is growing in the UK and USA due to the culture of welfare dependency
      - Lone parent mothers, absent fathers
      - :silhouette: Bennett, Dilulio and Walters (1996) crime is the result of "growing up surrounded by deviant and criminal adults...designed to produce vicious, predatory street criminals"
      - Underclass threatens social cohesion as it undermines values of hard work and personal responsibility
    - - Free will and the power of reason
      - :silhouette: Ron Clarke (1980) - committing crime is a choice based on a rational calculation of consequences
      - If rewards outweigh risk then people are more likely to offend
      - Routine Activity Theory
        
        :silhouette: Marcus Felson (1998) - crime needs a motivated offender, a suitable target and the absence of a capable guardian
        
        Offenders are assumed to act rationally
        
        Florida 1982 - patrols of citizens to protect property after Hurricane Andrew prevented looting and crime rates reduced
      - RR - cost of crime is perceived low, this is why it is high