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Chapter 25-26 (Concept 26.1: Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships…

- - - - The Linnaean System
        
        Species
        Genus
        Family
        Order
        Class
        Phlyum
        Kingdom
        Domain
        
        Taxon: the named taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy
  - - - branching pattern matches how taxonomists have classified the groups of organisms
      - sometimes a species may not be closely related to another
- - - - Hadean
      - Archaen
      - Proterzoic
      - Phanerzoic
      - Earth is also divided into three eras
        
        Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
        
        Mesozoic is also defined as the age of the reptiles
- - - - includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants
      - are nested within larger clades
  - - - evolutionary novelty unique to a clade
      - Outgroup: species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that's closely related to but not part of the group of the species we are studying
- - - - synthesis of RNA monomers producing polymers
- - - - alters the habitats where other organisms live
      - organisms can also be affected by the climate change
      - can help explain the geographic distribution of extinct organisms
  - - - most likely caused by a meteor striking the Earth
    - - can reduce an ecological community to basically nothing
      - can also alter the communities by changing the type of organisms that are there
  - - - fossil records can indicate that mammals went through this
- - - - Hox genes are an example of homeotic genes
      - a swimming appendage of a crustacean can be produced instead of feeding appendage
  - - - reduction of ventral spines in threespine stickleback fish
      - resulted in change in the regulation of Pitx 1 gene expression
- - - - also can use many other genes than just a few
- - - - Radiometric Dating: based on the decay of isotopes
        
        parent isotope decays to a daughter isotope
        
        rate of decay can be expressed by a half-life
        
        time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay
- - - - has evolved to fit organisms needs
      - whether you're a fish in a dark habitat seeing x-rays or a human seeing the up to ultraviolet rays
      - complex have evolved from basic structures
  - - - Some trends can be observed by seeing trends in smaller bodies and larger bodies
        
        the present day horse compared to its descendant