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Cardiovascular System ((Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (Angina…

- - - - Inflammation of the Pericardium
      - May be commonly caused by viral infections which causes build up of fluid in the pericardial cavity and prevents the heart from expanding and contracting to pump blood
    - - Crushing chest pain from lack of blood to heart muscle
      - May be an indication of myocardial infarction or pain during exercise or exertion
      - Also pain my be due to sore chest muscles
    - - Heart muscle cells die due to lack of blood to heart muscles (myocardium)
      - Caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
      - Symptoms include chest pain, pain down the left arm, shortness of breath, fever and vomiting
    - - Abnormal or irregular heart sounds; can be caused by valve stenosis
    - - Defect in valves failing to open which makes heart pump harder
      - Problems can happen to any valves but most worst is mitral valve stenosis
    - - Rapid uncoordinated shuddering of heart muscle which prevents heart from acting as a pump
      - Cause by defect in the intrinsic conduction system, specifically the SA node
    - - Swollen and twisted veins caused by when valves in veins do not work and cause backflow or pooling of blood
  - - - Pacemaker
      - Located at R. Atrium; starts heart beat and sets pace
      - Sequential stimulation occurs at other autorhythmic cells
    - - At junction between Atria and ventricles
    - - Specialized myocardial muscle fibers that conduct electric impulses
      - Spread within muscles of ventricular wall
    - - Bundle of His
      - Right and left bundle branches
      - Located at the interventricular septum
  - - - Ventricular Systole
        
        Blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
      - Early Diastole
        
        Atria finish refilling, ventricular pressure is low
      - Mid-to-late Diastole
        
        Blood flows into ventricles
- - - - Between ventricle and artery
      - Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
        
        Between right ventricle and Pulmonary Trunk
      - Aortic Semilunar Valve
        
        Between left ventricle and Aorta
    - - Between atria and ventricles
      - Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
        
        Left Ventricle
      - Tricuspid Valve
        
        Right Ventricle
    - - Anchors valves to ventricular wall
  - - - (Superior and Inferior) Enter right atrium for upper and lower parts of the body
    - - (Four) Enter left atrium from lungs
    - - Leaves left ventricle to rest of the body
    - - Leave right ventricle to lungs into pulmonary arteries
  - - - Receiving chambers
      - Left Atrium
        
        Receives blood from the rest of the body
      - Right Atrium
        
        Receives blood from lungs
    - - Discharging chambers
      - Right ventricle
        
        Discharges to rest of body
      - Left Ventricle
        
        Discharges to lungs
    - - Wall separating the 2 ventricles
  - - - Outer connective tissue layer
    - - Created by two layers of pericardium
      - Filled with Serous fluid
    - - Middle, thick muscle layer
    - - Double serous membrane(produces serous fluid)
      - Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)
        
        Next to heart
      - Parietal Pericardium
        
        Outside Layer
    - - Inner layer
- - - - Supplies blood to the heart
    - - Carries blood away from the heart
    - - Smallest of blood vessels and sites of gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
      - Connects arterioles and venules(smaller veins)
    - - Connects capillaries and veins
    - - Return blood toward heart
    - - "Small Arteries"
      - Found between arteries and capillaries
  - - - Blood moved by pumping action of heart
      - Thickest layer (Large tunica media)
      - Carry high blood pressure blood
      - Small Lumen(Space inside blood vessels)
    - - Thinner tunica media
      - Large Lumen
      - Carry low pressure blood
      - Blood moved by "milking" action of muscles to help move blood
      - Contain many minivalves to prevent backflow
    - - True Capillaries
        
        Directly connects an arteriole to a venule
      - Vascular shunt
        
        Gas exchange by diffusion(High to low concentration)
  - - - To and from the lungs to the heart
    - - Flow of blood to myocardium of heart
    - - From the rest of the body to the heart