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Evolution (Phylogeny and the tree of life (Constructing phylogenic trees…

- - - - The genus
      - The species name
      - Linnaean classification
        
        Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
    - - homologies - shared ancestor
      - analogy - similarity between organisms that is due to convergent evolution
  - - - includes ancestral species and all of its descendants
      - monophyletic - consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants
      - paraphyletic - consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants
      - polyphyletic - includes distantly related species but does not include the most recent common ancestor
  - - - By graphing the # of genetic diff. against the dates of branches that come from the fossil record
- - - - The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases
      - The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids
      - The packaging of these molecules into protocols, droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings
      - The origin of self-replication molecules that eventually made inheritance possible
    - - Hypothesis: Org. comp. were first produced in deep-sea hydrothermal vents (seafloor areas where heated water and minerals gush from Earth's interior into the ocean)
      - Deep-sea alkaline vents could have been more suitable for the origin of life with a more reasonable temp.
  - - - Ex: emergence of terrestrial vertebrates through a series of speciation events, the impact of mass extinction on biodiversity, and the origin of key adaptations such as flight
    - - Radiometric dating - the decay of radioactive isotopes
        
        Parent isotope --> daughter isotope
        
        the rate of decay is expressed by the half-life (time it requires for 50% of the parent isotope to decay)
    - - A lot of fossils were found during this time period (535 mya) were a lot of predators and prey were found
  - - - Devonian
        
        365 mya
        
        75% of species were lost
        
        Lack of oxygen in the ocean , cool temp,
      - Permian
        
        250 mya
        
        96% of all species became extinct
        
        causes may be from asteroids, volcanic active or climate change
      - Triassic-Jurassic
        
        214 mya
        
        More than half of all known species were extinct
        
        Causes may have been major volcanic activity, climate change and changing pH
      - Crateceous
        
        65 mya
        
        Nearly 75% of all known species living were extinct
        
        Meteor is said to cause the extinction
      - Ordovician
        
        440 mya
        
        86% of life was wiped out
        
        Continental drift and climate change could have caused the extinction
      - Sixth Extinction
        
        Present
        
        Humans are starting to destroy habitats which is leading to many species facing extinction
    - - During the Palezoic era, all Earth's landmasses were joined into a supercontinent named Pangea (250 mya)
      - By the mid-Mesozoic Pangea split into north and south (135 mya)
      - By the end of the Mesazoic, Laurasia and Gondwana were separated into present-day continents (66 mya)