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skeletal system chapter 6 (6-9 (joint movements (amphiarthrosis (slightly…
skeletal system chapter 6
6-1
bone function
body movement
serve as layers
skeletal muscles attached to bones
hematopsisis
definition- blood cell formation
protection
the skull protects brain
the rib cage protects the heart and lungs
inorganic salt storage
phosphorus
calcium
support
the bones
the atlas
energy storage
yelow marrow
6-2
bone structure
bones are classified to there shape
diaphysis =shaft
epiphysis = expanded ends
epiphyseal line = remnant of disk plate
endoseum = inner laning of medullary cavity
long bone consists of a shaft with 2 ends
short bones are cube like
irregular bones are not long short or flat
flat bones are this and usually curved
sesamoid bone devolop within a tendon (patella)
nutrient foramen = perforating canal allowing blood vessels to enter and leave
35% organic components of the cells
6-3
ossification has 2 patterns
intramembranous ossification
is a bone forms on or within a fibrous CT membrane
endocondrial ossification
occurs when a bone is formed from a hyaline cartilage model
growth at the Epiphyseal plate or disc
zone of proliferating cartilage
zone of hypertrophize cartilage
zone of resting cartilage
ossification of most bones are complete at the age of 25 years old
6-4
remodeling and homeostatic mechanisms
osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption
parathyroid hormone is a secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels are low
calcitonin , which is secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are high
factors affecting bone development
minerals
magnesium
boron
phosphorous
manganese
calcium
vitamins
vitamin D
Vitamin C
vitamin A
vitamin B12
hormones
sex hormones
thyroid hormones
pth and calcitonin
estrogens and androgens
6-5
life span changes
osteoporosis
severe bone loss
ostopenia
factures
open and closed
comminuted
fissured
transverse
greenstick
spiral
6-6
body bones
body consists of 206 bones
appendicular skeleton includes the libms of the upper and lower extremities and the bone that attach limbs to trunk
first in vertebrea is atlas then axis
axial includes the bones of the skull, hyboid , vertebral column, anf thoracic cage
calcitonin reduces calcium from the bloodstream
6-8
the skeletal orginization
the pectoral girdle
clavicle
scapulae
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
hamate
psisform
lunate
capitate
trapezium
trapezoid
scaphoid
triqutral
metacarpals
6-7
6-9
joint movements
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable
diathrosis
freely movement joints
synarthroses
immovable joints
stuctural joints
joints are comosed of fiborou tissues
gomphosis
tooth within its bony socket
syndesmosis
cord of fibrous tissue called a ligament
sutures
short fibrous CT fibers
General structure of a synovial joint
Articular cartilage
hylaline cartilage covers the surface of each bone
joint cavity
a potential space between the two bones filled with synivail fluid
articular capsule
double layered capsuke srroundig cavity
fatty pads, menisci, bursa
6-10
type of synovial joints
ball and socket joint
most freely movable joints, all angular movement
saddle joints
thumb
gliding joints
cartilaginous joints
gonlyoid joints
hinge joints
permit rotation
pivot point
types pf joint movement
insertion
part of muscle attached to the movable bone
origin
part of muscle attahed to the immovable bone
circumdution
adduction
abduction
6-11
shoulder joints
acromioclavicular joint
glenohumeral joints
rotator cuff
elbow joints
gliding joint between capitulum of humerus ad head of radius
allows flexion and extension
hinge is between trochlea of humerus and trochlear noth of ulna