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Cardiovascular System Julianna Soto Period 2 (Major arteries and veins…
Cardiovascular System
Julianna Soto
Period 2
Layers of the
heart
Endocardium
inner layer of heart
Myocardium
muscular middle layer wall of the heart
Epicardium
muscular middle layer wall of the heart
Anatomy of the heart
Atria
two upper chambers (they receive blood).
Left side
Newly oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
contracts, pushing blood into the left ventricle
Right side
receives deoxygenated blood from the body through veins called the superior and inferior vena cava
contracts and blood passes to the right ventricle
Ventricles
the two lower chambers (they discharge blood).
blood flow through the heart and body
muscular tubes that carry blood to every part of the body
Mitral valve
lets blood flow from one chamber of the heart, the left atrium, to another
circulatory system; pumps blood through a system of blood vessels
Tricuspid valve
prevent back flow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium
Aortic valve
valve in the human heart between the left ventricle and the aorta
Pulmonic valve
semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Right side of the heart
atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve
ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts
ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs, where it is oxygenated
Left side of the heart
atrium contracts, blood flows from your left atrium into your left ventricle through the open mitral valve
ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts
pulmonary veins empty oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium
ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body
Major functions of the
cardiovascular system
Regulation of body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of cells
Protection of the body by white blood cells, antibodies, and complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend the body against foreign microbes and toxins.
Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes
Major arteries and veins of the body
superior vena cava
carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper body ; back to the right atrium
abdominal aorta
aorta circulating to all the organs and to the walls of the abdomen
femoral vein
collecting blood from the deep structures of the thighs and receives blood from the great saphenous vein, among others.
renal artery
Branch of the abdominal aorta circulating blood to the kidney
arch of aorta
branches into the arteries flowing to the head and upper limbs
pulmonary artery
Artery carrying blood that is poor in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide to the lungs
inferior vena cava
carrying blood deoxygenated in the lower portion of the body
brachial artery
Artery flowing along the humerus and supplying the flexor muscles of the arm
pulmonary vein
returns blood to the heart after it has been oxygenated in the lungs
axillary artery
Artery crossing the hollow of the armpit and extending through the brachial artery
subclavian artery
passing through the clavicle and extending through the axillary artery; it also flows to the lower section of the neck
structural and
functional differences between blood vessel types
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
Pulmonary arteries
transport blood that has a low oxygen content from the right ventricle to the lungs
Systemic arteries
transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body tissues
Artery wall
tunica media
tunica intima
basement membrane
tunica externa
capillaries
liver
kidney
skeletal muscle
Veins
carry blood toward the heart
venules
smallest veins
pulmonary veins
transport blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Systemic veins
transport blood from the body tissue to the right atrium of the heart
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Sinoatrial Node
undergo spontaneous depolarization and generation of action potentials without stimulation from the rest of the nervous system
generates its own action potentials,
Atrioventricular Node
receives action potentials from the SA node, and transmits them through the bundle of His, left and right bundle branches
slows the neural impulse from the SA node
electrocardiogram
to measure the rate and regularity of heartbeats as well as the size and position of the chambers
The P Wave
atrial depolarization
The QRS Complex
ventricular depolarization and contraction
The T Wave and ST Segment
ventricular repolarization
ST segment refers to the gap /myocardial ischemia.
disorders of the
cardiovascular system.
Strokes
blood clot blocks an artery in the brain and reduces the blood supply
Peripheral artery disease
reduces blood flow to your legs, as well as to your heart and brain)
Heart attacks
not enough blood reaches your heart
arrhythmia
irregular heartbeat or heart rhythm
Coronary Artery Disease
arteries to narrow and harden. Blood clots can further block the arteries.