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Cardiovascular System, Miranda Mancilla, Per. 2 (Anatomy of the Heart…
Cardiovascular System, Miranda Mancilla, Per. 2
Major Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Protection of the body by white blood cells, antibodies, and complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend the body against foreign microbes and toxins.
Regulation of body temperature, fluid pH, and water content of cells.
Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes.
Clotting mechanisms are also present that protect the body from blood loss after injuries.
Layers of the Heart
Myocardium
This layer contracts.
Middle Layer.
Composed of cardiac muscle and forms bulk of heart.
Endocardium
White sheet of endothelium resting on a thin connective tissue layer.
Lines the heart chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves.
Third layer is inside the heart.
Epicardium
Visceral layer of serous pericardium.
Superficial.
Infiltrated with fat.
Structural and Functional Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
Arteries
: carry blood away from the heart and are oxygenated.
Muscular Arteries
Arterioles
Elastic Arteries
Veins
: carry blood toward the heart and are deoxygenated.
Venous Valves
Venous Sinuses
Capillaries
: direct contract with tissue cells.
Microscopic vessels.
Capillary beds.
Cardiac Cycle and the ECG
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
: a graphic record of heart activity.
Has 3 distinguishable waves or deflections.
The P Wave
The first, small P Wave lasts about 0.08 s and results from of movement of the depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria.
The QRS Complex
The large QRS Complex results from ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricular contraction.
The T Wave
Caused by ventricular repolarization and lasts about 0.16 s.
To record an ECG, three electrodes form bipolar leads that measure the voltage difference either between the arms or between an and a leg.
Is a composite of all the action potentials generated by nodal and contractile cells at a given time.
1
. Atrial depolarization, initiated by the SA node, causes the P wave.
2
. With atrial depolarization complete, the impulse is delayed at the AV node.
5
. Ventricular repolarization begins at apex, causing the T wave.
3
. Ventricular depolarization begins at apex, causing the QRS complex. Atrial repolarization occurs.
6
. Ventricular repolarization is complete.
4
. Ventricular depolarization is complete.
Cardiac Cycle:
includes all events associated with the blood flow through the heart during one compete heartbeat.
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
2. Isovolumetric contraction.
Semilunar (SL) valves open when the ventricular pressure exceeds the aortic pressure.
3. Ventricular ejection.
SL valves close when the ventricular pressure drops below the aortic pressure.
1. Ventricular filling: mid-to-late diastole.
Atrioventricular (AV) valves close when the ventricular pressure exceeds the atrial pressure.
4. Isovolumetric relaxation: early diastole.
AV valves open when the ventricular pressure drops below the atrial pressure.
Major Arteries and Veins of the Body
Coronary Arteries
Brachiocephalic Artery
Aorta
Femoral Artery
Pulmonary Artery
Femoral Vein
Renal Vein
Renal Artery
Saphenous Vein
Jugular Vein
Radial Artery
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery
Superior Vena Cava
Blood Flow Through the Heart and Body
Unoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava.
Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
Right ventricle, the blood flows through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery.
Right and left pulmonary arteries carry unoxygenated blood to the right and left lungs for gas exchange.
Blood releases carbon dioxide as waste and picks up a fresh supply of oxygen.
Oxygenated blood flows through the pulmonary veins from the lungs into the left atrium.
Left atrium, the blood flows through the bicuspid, or mitral valve, into the left ventricle.
Left ventricular contraction forces blood through aortic valve into the aorta for distribution toward the systemic circulation.
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
The leading cause of sudden death in young athletes, this condition causes cardiac muscle cells to enlarge, thickening the heart wall.
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium. Results from infection by bacteria that have entered the bloodstream.
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the cardiac muscle layer of the heart.
Cor Pulmonale
A condition of right-sided heart failure resulting from elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit.
Anatomy of the Heart
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery
Inferior Vena Cava
Aortic Valve
Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Trabeculae Carneae
Left Pulmonary Veins
Right Ventricle
Auricle of Left Atrium
Papillary Muscle
Right Coronary Artery
Left Coronary Artery
Right Atrium
Right Pulmonary Veins
Pulmonary Trunk
Left Ventricle
Ascending Aorta
Interventricular Septum
Right Pulmonary Artery
Tricuspid Valve
Superior Vena Cava
Apex
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Chordae Tendineae