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Growth of Stems (External Organization (Nodes (Where leaves are attached,…
Growth of Stems
External Organization
Nodes
Where leaves are attached
Internodes
Shoot
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Leaf Axil
Stem just above node
Axillary bud
Miniature shoot
Bud Scales
leaves that cover a bud
Terminal bud
The extreme tip of the stem
Phyllotaxy
The arrangement of the leaves
Concepts
Basic parts
Leaves
Stems
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Roots
As plants evolved, stems functioned as transport
Can also be used as a dispersal method
Some plants have photosynthetic roots
This allows them to survive in drier environments
Some plants are rootless
These plants can gather water through their leaves
Angiosperms
basal angiosperms
Eudicots
broadleaf plants
monocots
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Internal Organization
Epidermis
Outermost layer of cells
Has stoma for diffusion in and out of leaves
Plants in mild content have secretement called cuticle
Sometimes can have elongations called trichomes
Cortex
Interior to epidermis
cells are grown compacted together
Vascular Tissues
Xylem
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Tracheary element
tracheids
Vessel elements
Transports water from cell to cell
Through perforations in the cell wall
Phloem
Sieve element
Sieve cells
Sieve tube members
albuminous cells
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companion cells
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Vascular Bundles
Xylem and Phloem together
Primary Xylem
Primary phloem
Stem growth and differentiation
Apical meristems
Grow longer by making more cells
Subapical meristems
Just below apical meristems
Protoxylem
The first set of xylem found
Metaxylem
Second set of xylem
Basic cells and tissues
Parenchyma
Cells with thin primary walls
Most common type of cell
Chlorochyma
These cells have many chloroplasts
aide in photosynthesis
Glandular cells
Secrete nectar and oils
Contain few chloroplasts
Transport large amounts of sugar
Transport cells
Mediate short distance transport
Some die at maturity
Fruits and stamens
Takes little glucose to build
Collenchyma
Cell walls differ in thickness
This causes plasticity
Present in shoot tips
Provides support
Sclerenchyma
Has a primary and secondary wall
Elastic walls
Two types of sclerenchyma
Conducting
Transports water
Mechanical
Made of fibers and sclereids
Often found in wood
Takes alot of energy to make
