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Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems (External Organization of Stems…
Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Basic Types of Cells and Tissues
Parenchyma
primary walls
thin
inexpensive to build
most common plant tissue
constitutes all soft parts of plant
Chlorenchyma
involved in photosynthesis
Transfer cells
large, extensive plasma membrane
Collenchyma
thin and thick primary walls
plasticity
can change shape
requires more glucose to make
shoot tips
turgor pressure
hold plant upright
Sclerenchyma
primary wall
secondary wall
walls can be deformed
reshaped
upright
strong
stable
absorb water
extremely well
conducting
long fibers
short sclereids
mechanical
External Organization of Stems
stem
axis
terminal bud
shoot
stem plus leaves
nodes
leaves attached
internodes
region between nodes
leaf axil
just above leaf
axillary bud
miniature shoot
bud scales
protect
small, corky, waxy
stolons
runners
rapid spread
independent
bulbs
short shoots
thick, fleshy leaves
corms
vertical
thick stem
thin papery leaves
rhizomes
fleshy horizontal stems
spread underground
tubers
bulky underground plant
Internal Organization of Stems; Arrangement of Primary Tissues
Epidermis
barrier to bacteria
mostly thin walled
cutin
fatty substance
hydrophobic
Cortex
simple
homogeneous
photosynthetic parenchyma
Vascular Tissues
xylem
phloem
Xylem
tracheids
vessel elements
move water efficiently
secondary wall
impermeable
annular thickenings
pit membrane
Phloem
sieve cells
sieve tube members
longitude
sieve tube
sieve plates
Vascular Bundles
interior to the cortex
surround a pith
similar to cortex
primary xylem
primary plant body
addition
primary phloem
Stem Growth and differentiation
apical meristem
mitosis
cytokensis
subapical meristem
cell division
protoxylem
cells grow and expand
large treachery elements
metaxylem
protophloem
metaphloem
smaller in size
young cells
protoderm
differation
early stage
pro vascular tissues
xylem and phloem
young cells
ground meristem
cortex and pith
young stages
primary tissues
apical meristem prodeces
primary growth
apical meristem activty