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Cardiovascular System (Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (Murmur:…

- - - - Biscupid (mitral) Valve: on the left side. works to prevent blood from leaving left ventricle and going back to left atrium. 2 flaps.
      - Tricuspid Valve: on the right side. works to prevent blood from leaving right ventricle from reentering right atrium. 3 flaps.
    - - Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: between pulmonary trunk and right ventricle. works to prevent blood from reentering right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk.
      - Aortic Semilunar Valve: between left ventricle and aorta. works to prevent blood flow from aorta back into left ventricle.
  - - - Left Ventricle: discharges blood to the rest of the body. receives blood from left atrium. highly oxygenated.
      - Right Ventricle: discharges blood to lungs. receives blood from right atrium. low in oxygen.
    - - Left Atrium: receives blood from lungs. highly oxygenated.
      - Right Atrium: receives blood from the rest of the body. low. in oxygen.
- - - - Arteries
        
        thick wall because carry high pressure blood.
        
        blood moved by pumping action of the heart.
        
        thickest layer (large tunica media), small lumen (space inside the blood vessel)
      - Veins
        
        carry. low pressure blood
        
        blood moved by "milking" action of muscles.
        
        thin tunica media (carry more blood than arteries), large lumen (narrow wall because of high pressure blood)
        
        contain many mini valves to prevent back flow (prevents blood from going backwards)
  - - - arterioles (medium): "small arteries". found between arteries and capillaries
      - capillaries (small): smallest of blood vessels and sites of gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. connects arterioles and venules. majority of arteries except for pulmonary carry high oxygenated blood.
      - arteries (big): carries blood away from heart (major blood vessels)
      - venules (smallest): "small veins". connects capillaries and veins (bigger blood vessels). blood moves into venules back to heart.
- - - - As right atrium is filled with blood and contracts triscupid valve opens and blood is pumped into right ventricle.
        
        When right ventricle is full, triscupid valve closes. Pulmonary valves opens and blood is pumped in to pulmonary artery and to the lungs. Pulmonaruy valve clo'ses.
        
        Oxygen rich blood from lungs returns to left atrium. As left atrium fills with blood, contracts. Mitral valve opens and blood is pumped to the left ventricle.
        
        When the left ventricle is full, mitral valve closes, aortic valve opens. Left ventricle contracts and oxygen-rich blood is pumped into aorta to reach all parts of body. Aortic valve closes.
        
        Cycle repeats.
- - - - visceral pericardium (epicardium): next to heart.
      - parietal pericardium: outside layer
- - - - SA node > AV node > AV bundle > Bundle Branches > Purkinje Fibers > Ventricular Wall
        
        Atrioventicular (AV bundle): "bundle of his" and is located in the left and right bundle branches.
        
        Left and Right branches: located in the interventicular septum
        
        Atrioventicular (AV node): junction between the atria and ventricles
        
        Purkinje Fibers: myocardial muscle which conduct the electric impulse. spread along the muscles of the ventricular wall.
        
        Sinoatrial (SA node): sequential stimulation occurs at auto rhythmic cells. its is located at right atrium. aka "pacemaker" starts the heart beat and sets the pace of it.
- - - - ventricular systole: blood pressure build before ventricle contract, pushing out blood. time when ventricles are filling up with blood.
      - early diastole: atria finishes refilling, ventricle pressure low.
      - midtolate diastole: blood flows into ventricles
      - atrial systole begins -> atrial systole ends -> phase ventricular systole first phase a -> ventricular systole second phase ventricular diastole amd ventricular diastole
  - - - Atrioventicular (AV bundle): "bundle of his" and is located in the left and right bundle branches.
        
        Left and Right branches: located in the interventicular septum
        
        Atrioventicular (AV node): junction between the atria and ventricles
        
        Purkinje Fibers: myocardial muscle which conduct the electric impulse. spread along the muscles of the ventricular wall.
        
        Sinoatrial (SA node): sequential stimulation occurs at auto rhythmic cells. its is located at right atrium. aka "pacemaker" starts the heart beat and sets the pace of it.