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Cardiovascular System (Blood Flow Through the Heart and Body (Blood enters…

- - - - may be an indication of myocardial infarction or pain during exercise/exertion
  - - - may be caused by viral infections which causes build up of fluid in the pericardial cavity and prevents the heart from expanding and contracting to pump blood
- - - - receiving chambers
      - left atrium
        
        receives blood from the lungs
      - right atrium
        
        receives blood from the rest of the body
    - - discharges blood to the rest of the body
      - left ventricle
        
        discharges blood to the rest of the body
      - interventricular septum
        
        wall separating two ventricles
      - right ventricle
        
        discharges blood to lungs
  - - - between ventricle and artery
      - pulmonary semilunar valve
        
        between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
      - aortic semilunar valve
        
        between left ventricle and aorta
    - - between atria and ventricles
      - bicuspid (mitral) valve (left)
      - tricuspid valve (right)
    - - anchors valves to ventricular wall
  - - - flow of blood from rest of the body to heart
    - - flow of blood to myocardium of heart
        
        coronary arteries
        
        supplies blood to the heart
        
        coronary veins
        
        carries blood away from the heart
        
        blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus
    - - flow of blood to and from lungs to heart
- - - - created by two layers of pericardium; filled with serous fluid
    - - double serous membrane (produces serous fluid)
      - visceral pericardium (epicardium)
        
        next to heart
      - parietal pericardium
        
        outside layer
- - - - smallest of blood vessels and sites of gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
    - - "small veins"
      - connects capillaries/veins
    - - "small arteries"
      - found between arteries/capillaries
    - - return blood toward heart
    - - carries blood away from heart
  - - - middle smooth muscle layer; controls (sympathetic nervous system) diameter of blood vessel
    - - outermost, fibrous connective tissue
    - - endothelium (inner lining of blood vessels)
  - - - thinner tunica media; larger lumen
      - carry low pressure blood
      - blood moved by "milking" action of muscles to help move blood
      - contain many mini valves to prevent back flow
    - - true capillaries
        
        gas exchange by diffusion (high/low concentration)
      - vascular shunt
        
        directly connects an arteriole to a venule
    - - carry high pressure blood
      - blood moved by pumping action of the heart
      - thickest layer (large tunica media); small lumen (space inside of blood vessels)
- - - - blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts
    - - atria finish refilling, ventricular pressure low
    - - blood flows into ventricles