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Chan_Kelly_Block4_MM9 (probability rules (product rule (probability for…

- - - - the probability of both events occurring together is the product of p(A) and p(B).
        
        p(A×B) = p(A) × p(B)
  - - - p(A+B) = p(A) + p(B)
- - - - during gamete formation, a paired set of alleles for a given gene will separate into two different gametes
  - - - during gamete formation, alleles for different genes sort independently of each other.
  - - - unlinked
      - sort independently
    - - linked
        
        variation is determined by
        
        chromosomal distance
      - sort independently if
        
        crossover causes a chromosomal break
        
        the shorter the distance
        
        less likely cross over between them will happen
- - - - to determine the genotype of an individual that expresses the dominant phenotype
      - The dominant individual of unknown genotype (RR or Rr)
      - If any recessive offspring appear from the test cross, the dominant individual must be heterozygous, otherwise, it is assumed to be homozygous.
- - - - green
      - yellow
    - - purple
      - white
    - - full
      - constricted
    - - round
      - wrinkled
    - - axial
      - terminal
    - - yellow
      - green
    - - short
      - tall
- - - - the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele in the heterozygous state
        
        ex:. If the red allele (R) is dominant over white (r), heterozygotes (Rr) will turn out red.
    - - A situation where both alleles are expressed
        
        unequally so that a blended phenotype is produced
        
        ex:The heterozygotes are pink, a blend of red and white.
    - - both alleles are equally expressed in the heterozygous state.
        
        ex: The heterozygotes have both red and white colors.
- - - - females have 2 copies of all sex-linked genes while males have only one copy