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Cardiovascular System Mia Gonzales Period 6 (Cardiovascular Disorder…
Cardiovascular System Mia Gonzales Period 6
Anatomy of heart
Heart chambers
Atria
receiving chambers (upper 2 chambers)
receive blood from outside
Left atrium
received blood from lungs
highly oxygenated
Right atrium
receive blood from the rest of the body
low in oxygen
Ventricles
discharging chambers (lower larger chambers)
blood leaves heart through ventricles
Left ventricle
discharges blood to the rest of the body
receive blood from left atrium
high in oxygen
Right ventricle
discharges blood to lungs
receive blood from right atrium
low in oxygen
Valves
valves held open as blood is pumped through
Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
between atria and ventricles
Tricuspid valve
on the right side
prevents blood from right ventricle from re-entering right atrium
3 flaps
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
prevents blood from leaving left ventricle and going back to left atrium
2 flaps
on the left side
Semilunar valves
between ventricle and artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
prevent blood from re-entering right ventricle from pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve
between left ventricle and aorta
prevent blood flow from aorta back into left ventricle
Function
close to prevent backflow
blood flow in only one direction
held in place by chordae tendineae ("heart strings")- anchors valves to ventricular wall
attached to papillary muscle; hold valve close once blood entered the area
interventricular septum
thick wall separating the left and right ventricles
Blood Vessels
take blood to tissue and back
Vascular system (refers to blood vessels)
arteries
carries blood away from heart (major blood vessels)
arterioles
"small arteries"
found between arteries and capillaries
capillaries
smallest of blood vessels and sites of gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
connects arterioles and venules
venules
"small veins"
connects capillaries and veins
Blood Vessel Anatomy
3 major layers to wall of blood vessel
Tunica Media
middle, smooth muscle (control of autonomic system) layer; controls (sympathetic nervous system) diameter of blood vessels
Tunica Externa
outermost, fibrous connective tissue
Tunica (layer) Intima
most internal layer (closest to blood)
endothelium (inner lining of blood vessels)
Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
arteries
thickest layer (large tunica media); small lumen (space the inside blood vessel)
thick wall because they carry high pressure blood
blood moved by pumping action of the heart
veins
blood moved "milking" action of muscles to help more blood
carry low pressure blood
thinner tunica media; larger lumen (carry more blood than arteries) (narrow wall cause don't carry high blood pressure)
contain many minivalves to prevent backflow
Blood Flow
Oxygen-poor blood from body returns to right atrium of the heart. Blood from upper body returns through superior vena cava, blood from lower body returns through inferior vena cava.
As right atrium is filled with blood, it contracts, tricuspid valve opens and blood is pumped into right ventricle
When right ventricle is full, tricuspid valve closes. Pulmonary valve opens and blood is pumped into pulmonary artery and to the lungs. Pulmonary valve closes
Oxygen-rich blood from lungs return to left atrium. As left atrium fills with blood, it contracts, mitral valve opens and blood is pumped into left ventricle.
When left ventricle is full, mitral valve closes, aortic valve opens. Left ventricle contracts and oxygen-rich blood is pumped into aorta to reach all parts of body. Aortic valve closes.
Cycle repeats.
Types of Circulation
3 types
Pulmonary Circulation
flow of blood to and from lungs to heart
(from heart to lungs back to heart)
Systemic Circulation
flow of blood from rest of body to the heart
(heart-> rest of body->-> heart)
Coronary Circulation
flow of blood to myocardium of heart
coronary arteries
supplies blood to the heart (major branch off aorta)
cardiac veins carries blood away from the heart
blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus
Major Vessels of Heart
Aorta
leaves left ventricle to rest of body
high in oxygen
biggest major artery
Pulmonary Trunk
leave right ventricle to lungs branch into pulmonary arteries
carry blood low in oxygen
Vena cava (superior and inferior)
enters right atrium from upper and lower parts of body
carry bood low in oxygen
superior vena cava receives blood from head and upper trunk
inferior vena cava receives blood from lower half of body
Pulmonary Veins (four)
enter left atrium from lungs
2 on the left and 2 on the right; receive blood from left and right lungs of the heart
Layers of Heart
Coverings
Pericardium
double serous membrane (produces serous fluid) (covers heart)
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
next to heart
Parietal pericardium
outside layer (holds heart)
Pericardial cavity
created by 2 layers of pericardium; filled with serous fluid
space between visceral and parietal pericardium
Wall
3 layers of heart
Myocardium
middle, thick muscle layer
thickest and is the muscular layer
Endocardium (endothelium)
inner lining
Epicardium
outer connective tissue layer
also called visceral pericardium
Functions of Heart
remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
carry hormones to target cells and carry white cells that play a role in immune system
deliver oxygen and nutrients
Intrinsic Conduction System
Internal control of heart rate
heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
Elements of Intrinsic Conduction System
SA node :arrow_right: AV node :arrow_right: AV bundle :arrow_right: Bundle branches :arrow_right: Purkinje fibers :arrow_right: Ventricular wall
Sinoatrial (S-A) node
"Pacemaker"
located at right atrium; starts heart beat and sets pace
sequential stimulation occurs at other auto rhythmic cells
Atrioventricular (A-V) node
t junction between atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
(bundle of his)
located in left and right bundle branches
Left and right bundle branches
located at the interventricular septum
Purkinje fibers
specialized myocardial muscle fibers that conduct electric impulse; spread within muscles of ventricular wall
Cardiac Cycle and ECG
Cardiac cycle
events of one complete heart beat
Mid-to-Late Diastole
blood flows into ventricles
ventricles are filling up with blood so that means the atria is already filled with blood and pressure is high so the atrioventricular valves on either side will open up and the blood will fill into the ventricles and eventually fill up and filling up of blood is caused by the contraction of the atrium
Ventricular Systole
blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
ventricles will eventually fill with enough blood and cause a pressure to build up which will close off the atrioventricular valve, and ventricles will contract and force the semilunar valves open and blood will fill into blood vessel
Early Diastole
atria finish refilling with blood, ventricular pressure is lowest because this is the time right as soon as the ventricles have emptied and then it's beginning to relax
SA node :arrow_right: AV node :arrow_right: AV bundle :arrow_right: Bundle branches :arrow_right: Purkinje fibers :arrow_right: Ventricular wall
Sinoatrial (S-A) node
"Pacemaker"
located at right atrium; starts heart beat and sets pace
sequential stimulation occurs at other auto rhythmic cells
Atrioventricular (A-V) node
t junction between atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
(bundle of his)
located in left and right bundle branches
Left and right bundle branches
located at the interventricular septum
Purkinje fibers
specialized myocardial muscle fibers that conduct electric impulse; spread within muscles of ventricular wall
Cardiovascular Disorder
Murmur
abnormal or irregular heart sounds;can be caused by valve stenosis
Valve Stenosis
defect in valves failing to open which makes heart pump harder
problems can happen to any valves put most worst is mitral valve stenosis
Myocardial Infarction
heart muscle cells die due to lack of blood to heart muscles (myocardium)
caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
symptoms include chest pain, pain down the left arm, shortness of breath, fever, and vomiting
Fibrillation
rapid uncoordinated shuddering of heart muscle which prevents heart from acting as a pump
cause by defect in the intrinsic conduction system, specifically the SA node
Angina Pectoris
crushing chest pain from lack of blood to heart muscle
may be an indication of myocardial infarction (heart attack) or pain during exercise or exertion
also pain may be due to sore chest muscles
Varicose Veins
swollen and twisted veins caused by when valves in veins do not work and cause backflow or pooling of blood
Pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium (outer layer of heart)
may be commonly caused by viral infections which causes build up of serous fluid in the pericardial cavity and prevents the heart from expanding and contracting to pump blood