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The Cardiovascular System (disorders of the cardiovascular system…
The Cardiovascular System
Type of Circulations
Systemic Circulation
flow of blood from rest of the body to the heart
Coronary Circulation
Flow of blood to myocardium of heart
Pulmonary Circulation
flow of blood to and from lungs to heart
Major functions of the
cardiovascular system
heart pumps blood, blood vessels circulate blood to all parts of the body, and delivers oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
disorders of the cardiovascular system
Pericardities
inflammation of pericardium; may be commonly caused by viral infection which causes build up of fluid in the pericardial cavity and prevents the heart from expanding and contracting to pump blood
Angina Pectoris
crushing chest pain from lack of blood to heart muscle; may also indication of myocardial infarction or pain during exercise or exertion; also pain may be due to sore chest muscle
Myocardial Infarction(heart attack)
heart muscle cells die due to lack of blood to heart muscles; caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries; symptoms include chest pain, pain down the left arm, shortness of breath, fever, and vomiting
Murmur
abnormal or irregular heart sounds; can be caused by valve stenosis
Valve Stenosis
defect in valves failing to open which makes the heart pump harder
Fibrillation
rapid uncoordinated shuddering of heart muscle which prevents heart from acting as a pump; cause by defect in the intrinsic conduction system, specifically the SA node
Varicose Veins
swollen and twisted veins caused by when valves in veins do not work and cause back flow or pooling of blood
intrinsic factors
Atrioventricular (A-V) node
at junction between atris and ventricles
Sinoatrial (S-A) node
located at right atrium: starts heart beat and sets pace. Sequential stimulation occurs at other auterhythic cells
Elements of Intrinsic Conductive System
SA node- AV nodes- AV bundle- bundle branches- Purkinje Fibers- Ventricular wall
Internal Control of Heart Rate
heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses in a regular, continuous way
Purkinje Fibers
specialized myocardial fibers that conduct electric impulse; spread within muscles of ventricular wall
Blood Vessel Types
Blood Vessel Anatomy
Tunica Media
middle, smooth muscle layer; controls(sympathetic nervous system) diameter of blood vessels
Tunica Externa
outermost, fibrous connective tissue
Tunica Intima
endothelium (inner lining of blood vessels)
Difference Between Blood Vessels
Arteries
thickest layer(large tunica media); small lumen(space the inside blood vessel), carry high pressure blood, and blood moved by pumping action of the heart
Veins
Thinner tunica media; larger lumen, carry low pressure blood, blood moved "milking" action of muscles to help move blood, and contain many minivalves to prevent backflow
Capillary Beds
Vascular Shunt
directly connects on arteriole to a venule
True Capillaries
gas exchange by diffusion(high to low concentration)
Layers of the
heart
Coverings
Pericardium
double serous membrane
Parietal Pericardium
outside layers/sac covering the heart
Visceral Pericardium
next to the heart also called the Epicardium
Pericardial Cavity
created by two layers of pericardium, filled with serous fluid
Layers
Myocardium
middle, thick muscle layer
Endocardium
inner lining
Epicardium
outer connective tissue layer
Cardiac cycle
Early Diastole
atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low
Ventricular Systole
blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
Mid-to-Late Diastole
blood flows into ventricles
Vascular System
Venules
connects capillaries and veins
Veins
return blood toward heart
Capillaries
smallest of blood vessels and sites of gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
Arterioles
found between arteries and capillaries
Arteries
carries blood away from heart
Anatomy of the heart
Heart Chambers
Atria: receiving chambers
Right Atrium: recieves blood from lungs
Left Atrium: recieves blood from rest of body
Ventricles: discharging chambers
Right Ventricle: discharging blood to the lungs
Left Ventricle: discharging blood to the rest of the body
Heart Valves
Semilunar Valves
Pulmonary Valves
Aortic Valve
Antrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
Functions
close to prevent backflow and allows the blood to flow in only one direction
Interventicular Septum
wall separating the two ventricles(right and left ventricle)
Chordea Tendineae(heart strings)
anchors valves to ventricular wall
Blood Vessels
Pulmonary Trunk
enters right atrium from upper and lower parts of body
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
enters right atrium from upper and lower parts of body
Aorta
leave right ventricle to lungs branch into pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary Veins
enter left atrium from lungs