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CRIME AND DEVIANCE (Class, power and crime (Explaining class differences…

- - - - Crime is product of inadequate socialisation into shared culture
      - :silhouette: Miller argues lower class has independent subculture
    - - Class structure denies working class people opportunity to achieve
    - - :silhouette: A.K. Cohen sees w/c youths as culturally deprived
      - :silhouette: Cloward and Ohlin: criminal, conflict and retreatist
    - - Official statistics are not valid picture of classes and crime
  - - - Working class crime capitalism is based on the exploitation of the working class for profit
      - Ruling class crime
        
        :silhouette: Gordon
        
        Crime is rational response to capitalism and thus is found in all classes
    - - :silhouette: Chambliss laws protect private property and are basis of capitalism
      - Ruling class have power to prevent laws
    - - :silhouette: Reiman crime of powerful less likely to be treated as offenses
      - Higher rate of prosecutions for crime of the poor
    - - :silhouette: Pearce benefit capitalism
      - Divides classes and blames working classes
  - - - Crime is a conscious choice
    - - :silhouette: Taylor et al create a "fully social theory of deviance'
      - Unequal distribution to enforce law
  - - - Professionals occupy positions of trust and respectability and are given opportunity to ruin trust
    - - Media, Lack of potential will, CC is complex, De-labelling, under reporting
- - - - Socialisation
      - Social control
    - - Boundary maintenance
      - Adaptation and change
      - :silhouette: Davis - Safety valve
      - :silhouette: Cohen - Warning device
    - - No right amount
      - Explains function but not why it exists
  - - - Structural factors - society's unequal opportunity structure
      - Cultural factors - more emphasis on goals not means
    - - Deviance is result of goals and means
      - American society is meritocratic
    - - Conformity
        
        accept goals and means
      - Innovation
        
        Goals but not means
      - Ritualism
        
        No goals but have means
      - Retreatism
        
        No goals or means
      - Rebellion
        
        Replace goals and means
    - - How normal and deviant behaviour can arise
      - Explains patterns in official statistics
    - - Deviance is product of delinquent subcultures
      - Offer lower classes solutions to gain status
  - - - Culturally deprived and lack skills
      - Suffer status frustration
    - - Subculture provides alternative status hierarchy
      - Inverts mainstream values
  - - - Provide youths with apprenticeship in utilitarian crime
      - Neighbourhoods with longstanding, stable criminal culture
    - - High population turnover
      - Violence provides release for frustration
    - - 'double failures'
    - - Ignore crimes of wealthy, over predict working class crime
      - Try to explain different types
      - Draw boundaries too sharply
      - Wrongly assumes that everyone starts off sharing same goals
- - - - Social groups label 'outsiders'
    - - Argue social control agencies label certain groups as criminal
      - :silhouette: Pilican and Briar (1964)
        
        Police decisions based on stereotypes
    - - :silhouette: Cicourel (1976)
        
        Police use typifications
        
        Working class and ethnic minority juveniles more likely to be arrested
        
        Middle class juveniles
        
        Less likely to fit typifications
    - - Dark figure of crime
        
        Statistics not included
  - - - Primary
        
        Deviant acts not publicly labelled
      - Secondary
        
        Results from societal reaction
    - - Labels may provoke self-concept
      - Society reinforce outsider status to join deviant subculture
    - - Folk devils and moral panics
        
        :silhouette: Cohen
        
        Media exaggeration and distortion began moral panic
  - - - Need to understand meanings
    - - Use taken-for-granted assumptions to construct social reality
      - 'typical suicide' affected verdict
    - - Paranoia as a self-fulfilling prophecy
        
        :silhouette: Lemert
        
        Individuals labelled
      - Institutionalisation
        
        :silhouette: Goffman
        
        Possible effects of being admitted to a 'total' institution' such as a psychiatric hospital