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5 WAYS OF CLASSIFYING RESEARCH ("PURPOSES OF RESEARCH" (Purpose…
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Exploration
-Asks the question WHAT?
-When none or little prior research exists
-Explores nature of problem or policy
-Collecting data to serve as baselines for later
comparisons
-Appropriate when policy change is considered
Description
-Describes scope of a problem
-Asks WHO/WHEN/WHERE/HOW
-Seeks to know problem's frequency/prevalence/degree/scope
-Considers characteristics: gender, age, nationality
Explanation
-Find a cause: Answer WHY?
-Why have we seen a certain change in scope?
"Why have failure to provide insurance" tickets increased so dramatically in the first 6 months of this year?"
-Why does a certain problem exist?
Inductive Reasoning
-Moves from SPECIFIC to GENERAL
-Observations, pattern, tentative hypothesis, theory
Deductive Reasoning
-Moves from GENERAL to SPECIFIC
-Theory, hypothesis, observation, confirmation
Qualitative
-Non-numerical, more subjective
-Categories not predetermined by researcher
Quantitative
-Numerical, can be counted
What or Whom Is Studied
-Individuals (students, police, victims)
-Groups (police departments, courtrooms)
-Community (prisons, agencies, businesses)
-Social Artifacts (incident reports)
-States and Nations
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Cross-Sectional Design
-Observing a single point in time
-Simpler and less costly to conduct
-Worry about a bad point in time
(moment not representative of study)
Longitudinal Studies
-Stretched over long period of time
-Multiple observations made over time
3 Types of Studies: Trend, Panel, Cohort
The Drawbacks
Takes Time (Years)
Takes Money (Expensive to Keep Track)
Attrition (Subjects Drop Out of Study Over Years)
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