Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES (BARRIERS (SKIN, MEMBRANES, HAIR,…
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES
INFLAMMATION
REDNESS, PAIN, SWELLING, HEAT. RELEASE OF HISTAMINE
-
FEVER
When the bodies temperature increases, it speeds up chemical reactions in the body which helps to speed up our defense mechanisms.
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
type of lymphocyte that contain granules with chemicals inside. These cells move through the body like sentries checking to see if there is anything out of order. Once in contact with a foreign cell, they release their chemicals onto the cell which causes it to rupture. Then the phagocytes come into the area to clean up the debris
COMPLEMENT
plasma proteins produced in the liver that will form a cascade effect to destroy the pathogen. If only a few complement proteins are stimulated, they will trigger others to become active in greater numbers
BEHAVIOR
Some punch holes in bacterial walls (the holes cause cellular components to leak out, killing the cell)
-
-
FUNCTION
The lymphatic vessels run next to blood vessels and soak up the excess fluid from the interstitial space returning it to the blood. This fluid is called 'lymph fluid' and only moves one-way; to the heart. The lymphatic system transports fluids back to the veins in the circulatory system so they can eventually be removed by the kidneys.
The lymphatic system is also responsible for building immunity against infectious diseases or other foreign molecules in the body.
CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS
ORGANS: Many organs main function is protecting the body from foreign invaders. Including the Spleen and Thymus.
THYMUS
Large gland that sits above the heart in the anterior mediastinum. Grow rapidly during childhood, but after puberty it starts to shrink until it's extremely small by age 50-60, but it remains functional all through life. Children are more susceptible to illness until the thymus trains the T cells to memorize and recognize the illnesses.
Hormone produced in the thymus called thymosin that is used for maturation of the T-cell lymphocytes.
SPLEEN
Located in abdominal cavity on the left side. Blood enters and leaves the spleen in the same area, called a hilum. 2 main functions: 1. filters blood. 2. acts like a part of immune system. Two major areas are the red and white pulp.
Red pulp - this part is filled with blood and handles the filtration of blood. It removes the old and damaged erythrocytes from the circulation. How long do the erythrocytes live
White pulp - this part fulfills the immunological portion of the spleen. It contains T-cell lymphocytes, B-cell lymphocytes, and other white blood cells
CELLS
LEUKOCYTES
Made in the red bone marrow. Two types: T-cell lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. T-cell lymphocytes travel from red marrow to the thymus, where they mature into 1 of 4 types of T cells.
-
TYPE OF T CELL
MEMORY T CELLS: These cells remember an invader or antigen if/when it comes into the body. They do this by having seen the disease before. ie: by having vaccinations against deadly diseases my body now has T cells that are ready to fight off the actual disease if I were to get it later on.
SUPPRESSOR T CELLS (Ts) When the threat is eliminated the suppressor t cells are activated and sent out to help slow down the immune response and signal the other fighter t cells to end the attack. On the other hand if there are too many suppressor t cells than the immune system is very suppressed and isn't effective in fighting anything off.
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS (Tc): AKA: killer T cells. Fight off bacteria and foreign invaders once they're recognized by shooting out perforin and pokes holes in the bacteria's membrane until the die. (cancer, virus, transplant)
HELPER T CELL (Tc): Activates B and T cells, phagocytes, and macrophages.
TISSUES
FUNCTION AND LOCATION
MALT are basically lymph nodes and they are found essentially everywhere in the body. The tonsils are a type of lymph node as are the adenoids. Lymph nodes are arranged in clusters in the body and function to remove debris and pathogens from the lymph fluid. In this regard, they are commonly called the "filters" of the lymph. All lymph heading to the heart moves through at least one lymph node.
Lymph nodes are bean-shaped organs and have a hilum like the spleen. There are efferent lymphatic vessels (ones that take lymph fluid away from the lymph node) and afferent lymphatic vessels (ones that take lymph fluid to the lymph node). There are a lot more afferent vessels than efferent vessels. The fluid is kept longer inside the lymph node so large molecules end up being trapped and then they can be cleaned up by the macrophages.
The outer part of the lymph node is called the cortex and contains B-cell lymphocytes undergoing mitosis and also T-cell lymphocytes undergoing maturation. The medulla, the inner core of the lymph node, contains B-cell lymphocytes and plasma cells. This is just an introduction to the cells involved here and will all start to come together as you finish this chapter
-
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). MALT is throughout all the mucosal linings in the body and is the most extensive part of human lymphoid tissue. These surfaces protect the body from a large amount and variety of antigens. The tonsils, the Peyers patches within the small intestine, and the appendix are a few examples of this type of tissue.
-
-
IMMUNITY IN ACTION
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Fighting against antigens by the use of antibodies. These antibodies are proteins that are made by a type of B-cell called a plasma cell. So whereas cell-mediated immunity uses mostly T-cells, humoral uses mostly B-cells
The B-cell comes across the specific antigen it codes for. When it does this, it will divide to increase the clone size, called clonal proliferation. Some of these clones will then become plasma cells whose function is to produce the specific antibody that will bind to the antigen.
The B-cell comes across the T-cell (specifically the T-helper cell) that has already been stimulated by the specific antigen. In this case, both the T- and B- cell have to be specific for the same antigen. Since cell-mediated immunity has already begun, the B-cell clonal proliferation occurs at a more rapid rate than the first way.
-
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
- Recognition of Enemy, 2. Proliferation of T-cells, 3. Destruction of the Enemy, 4. Call off attack and 5. Future Protection
-
-
-
