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Chapter 6.6-6.11 (6-6 components and functions of axial and appendicular…

- - - - Cranium= brain case/ helmet. It is composed of 8 bones including the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones, along with a pair of parietal and temporal bones.
        
        The facial skeleton= shapes the face and provides attachment for various muscles that move the jaw and controls facial expressions. Maxillary, palatine, zygomatic, Lacrimal, nasal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, mandilbe. Hyoid bone=supports tongue. in the neck between lower jaw and larynx.
        
        Vertebral column= A. cervical region: 7 vertebral (bones) in neck; -atlas -axis B. Thoracic region: 12 vertebrae in thoracic cavity.
        C. Lumbar region: 5 large vertebrae in abdominal cavity.
        D. Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae that articulate with coxal bones of pelvis;
        E. Coccyx: 3-5 vertebrae which makeup the tailbone
  - - - Secondary curvature -developes during infancy -are convex anteriorly -cervical curvature is in the cervical regions; developes as baby starts to hold up head -lumbar curvature is in lumbar region; developes as baby begins to stand
  - - - Sternum (3 parts)
        A. Manubrium= upper portion
        B. Body= middle vertical portion
        C. Xiphoid Process= lower extension from body
- - - - Gliding joints= cartilaginous joints
        
        Hinge Joints= permit flexion & extension only
        
        Pivot Joints= permit rotation
        
        Condyloid Joints= permit any angular motion, except rotation
  - - - Insertion= part of a muscle attached to the movable bone.
        
        *When a muscle contracts across a joint, its insertion it pulled toward its origin
        
        3 general types of movement Gliding movement= when a flat surfaces glide or slide over one another.
        
        Angular movements= changes in angles between bones; occur only at synovial joints.
        
        A. Abduction= moving a limb away from the midline.
        B. Adduction= moving a limb towards the midline
        C. Circumduction= moving a limb in a circular (cone-shaped) manner.
        D. Rotation= turning movement of a bone along its long axis.
  - - - inversion/ eversion= movement of the foot
        
        elevation/ depression
        
        protarction/ retraction
- - - - Hand (wrist, palm, an fingers):Carpals= 8 carpals (wrist; short) bones. Scaphoid-So Lunate-Long Triquetrum-To Pisiform-Pinky Hamate- Here Capitate- comes Trapezoid- the Trapezium- thumb Metacarpals= 5 metacarpals (hand; long) bones Phalanges (plural); phalanx (singular) = finger bone or digit.
  - - - Foot= ankle, instep, and toes
        1. Tarsus=7 tarsal (ankle) bones. -Talus- uppermost tarsal which articulates with the tibia and fibula; -Calcaneous- heel bone
        
        Metatarsals= 5 metatarsal (foot) bones, 3. Phalanges= toe bones or digits (14 total)
- - - - 3 types of structural Classification: (cartilaginous Joints)
        A. Synchpdrosis= a plate of hyaline cartilage
        B. Symphysis= pad/plate of fibrocartilage
        C. synovial joint= fluid-filled joint cavity; free movement= diathrosis
        
        Articular cartilage=hyaline cartilage covers the surface of each bone.
        
        Joint Cavity= a potential space between the two bones, fills with synovial fluid.
        
        Articualar capsule= double layered capsule surrounding the cavity.
        
        Synovial fluid= viscous lubricating fluid within cavity.
        
        Reinforcing Ligaments: ligaments that strengthen joint
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Hip joint (coxal bone)
        A. Ball and socket between head of femur and acetabulum of coxa
        B. Contains many large reinforcing ligaments
        C. Allows same movements as shoulder, but with less range due to bony limitations
        
        Knee
        A. Largest most complex joint
        B. Functions as a hinge even though 3 joints work together
        C. Medial Condyles of femur and tibia make one condyloid joint
        D. Lateral condyles of femur and tibia make another condyloid joint
        E. Patella surface of femur and patella make a gliding joint
        F. Flexion and extension with some slight rotation
        G. Contains many reinforcing structures
        
        --Extracapsular Ligaments- found outside joint capsule --Intracapsular ligaments- found inside the joint capsule
        --Menisci
        --Many bursae