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Animal Toxins (Common snakes species that cause snake bite (Calloselasma…

- - - - Hypotension
      - shock
      - arrhthymia
      - pulmonary odema
      - cardiac arrest
    - - AKI
      - Oligouria/anuria
      - Uraemia
    - - Intracranial
      - Haematuria
      - Haememesis
    - - Paralysis
      - Heavy eyelids
      - adrenal insufficiency
- - - - 100 times more toxic than cyanide
      - Tetradotoxin :warning:
        
        Produced by bacteria in Puffer fish and octopus
        
        Inhibit influx of sodium ions by blocking sodium channels
  - - - Alter heart rate and respiration
- - - - Increase blood clotting through formation of fibrin
      - Act on platelet
    - - Increase spread of venom through tissue
      - Act on blood vessels
    - - Damage vascular endothelium
      - Increase bleeding
    - - Damage RBC, WBC, nerve cells, endothelium
      - Presynaptic neurotoxic
  - - - Beta-bungarotoxin
      - crotoxin
      - taipoxin
      - Release acetylcholine at NMJ , damage nerve endings. Overwhelming acetylcholine circulated around body to exert cholinergic effects
    - - Alpha-bungarotoxin
      - cobrotoxin
      - Bind to Ach-receptor - lead to paralysis
- - - - Heloderma suspectum/ gila monster lizard
    - - Magical cone marine snail / Conus magus
    - - European medicinal leech/Hirudo medicinalis
    - - Saw-scaled viper snake/ Echis carinatus