during gamete formation, a paired set of alleles for a given gene will separate into two different gametes

the diploid cell (2n) is split 50:50 so it produces 2 haploid (n) gamete cells

during gamete formation, alleles for different genes sort independently of each other

the diploid (2n) cell is split 25:25:25:25 so it produces 4 haploid (2n) gamete cells

the diploid cell has 2 chromosomes (1 pair of 2), so the haploid cell has 1 chromosome

the diploid cell has 4 chromosomes (2 pairs of 2), so the haploid cells has 2 chromosomes

genes on different chromosomes are unlinked and will always sort independently

genes on the same chromosome are linked and will only sort independently when crossover causes a chromosomal break between them

the frequency of linked genes sorting independently varies directly with the chromosomal distance between them

P Generation: true-breeding (parental generation) that are different from each other

F1 Generation: the P generation hybrid offspring (first filial generation) ALL ARE HYBRID

F2 Generation: the offspring of the F1 generation (second filial generation)

Alleles: the alternative version of genes that account for variations in inherited characters (alternate versions of a gene)

Genotype: genetic makeup

Testcross: used to determine the genotype of an individual that expresses the dominant phenotype (RR x rr)

Monohybrids: a mating experience between two individuals to observe how their combination of alleles for a single gene will distribute to the f1 or f2 generation

Dihybrid: (heterozygous for both characteristics) a mating experience between two individuals to observe how their combination of alleles for two genes will distribute to the F1 or F2 generation

if any recessive offspring appear from the test cross, the dominant individual must be heterozygous.

If not, it is assumed to be homozygous

when more than 2 genes are involved in a cross probability rules are used to reliably predict the outcomes of these crosses

the 2 important probability rules for multi-gene crosses are the product rule and the sum rule

p(AxB) = p(A) x p(B)

if the probability of for the independent events of A and B are p(A) OR p(B)

if the probability of for the independent events of A and B are p(A) AND p(B)

A situation where both alleles are equally expressed in the heterozygous state.
The heterozygotes have both red and white colors.

Complete dominance
A situation where the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele in the heterozygous state. If the red allele (R) is dominant over white (r), heterozygotes (Rr) will turn out red.

A situation where both alleles are expressed, but unequally so that a blended phenotype is produced. The heterozygotes are pink, a blend of red and white.