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Corruption and Reform, Corruption (lords use power to fill church…
Corruption and Reform
Corruption
lords use power to fill church positions
give power to relatives and highest bidders
priests were illiterate and incompetent
bishops were dishonest and corrupt
Papacy controlled by local clans
selected family members
scandalous popes who lived bad lives
Pope John XII (955-964)
became pope through dad's influence
deposed for adultery, incest, murder
violently reclaimed throne, but soon died
Pope Benedict IX
became pope through dad's influence
ousted by the people, replaced with different pope
sold papacy to different person
Reform
German bishops who became popes by Holy Roman Emperor Henry III
many came from Cluny
pushed for celibacy and end to simony
attacked Church's abuse
restore papacy to Europe's preeminent institution
Pope Nicholas II
all new popes must be elected by group of bishops called cardinals
elect Pope Gregory VII
pushes for celibacy, only pope can appoint officials, banned lay investiture
Consequences to Reform
reinforce rift between Eastern and Western Church leaders
Christians in Eastern Empire find it hard to accept supremacy of Western Church
Eastern patriarchs won't compromise with Western popes
reforming popes seemed to be taking too much power and claiming unlimited primacy in Church
Patriarch of Constantinople sends insulting letter to Western Church bishop who gives it to Pope Leo IX
Pope Leo IX sends envoys to get apology from patriarch
after many tense meetings, envoys issue edict of "excommunication", banning him from Christianity
patriarch responds with similar edict against envoys
2 Separate branches of Christianity
Eastern Orthodox Empire with Byzantine emperor and patriarchs
Western, or Roman Catholic, Church ruled by pope