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D9: Drug, Detection and Analysis (Raoult's Law (P solution = Xsolvent…
D9: Drug, Detection and Analysis
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Solubility
{organic, non-polar compound-organic solvent}
{inorganic, polar substances-aqueous layer}
1.using smaller amount of organic solvent for a better separation
2.The samples are then added some drying agent
( anhydrous magnesium sulfate)
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Gas Chromatography
- Used to separate mixtures
- Used to detect steroids in urine
- Temperature of column effects the retention time of substances inside sample
How does it work?
- Sample injected into chamber where it is vaporised.
- An inert gas (mobile phase) carries the sample through a column and its surface is coated with non volatile liquid (stationary phase)
- As the sample passes through column it is separated by partition between the two phases
- Rates are determined by the components boiling points and solubility.
- Molecules with higher boiling point and higher solubility usually spend longer time in the stationary phase and move slowly while vice versa is faster and spends more time in mobile phase.
- The column is attached to a detector where it will record the time taken for the molecule to be detected. This is called retention time.
- The detector will quantitatively measure and record the total amount of molecules that are detected based on retention time. The data will be graphed on a chromatogram.
Chromatogram
- First peak is the solvent used.
- Second peak is the fastest molecule of mixture, usually with the lowest boiling point and solubility.
- Area under peak is directly proportional to the amount of compound in mixture.
- Compared with existing graphs and other analytical methods to determine the compounds inside the mixture.
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Raoult's Law
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Dalton's Law
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Dalton’s law of partial pressure states that for a mixture of ideal gases the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures
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